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ASTM E562-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count

Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is based upon the stereological principle that a grid with a number of regularly arrayed points, when systematically placed over an image of a two-dimensional section through the microstructure, can provide, after a representative number of placements on different fields, an unbiased statistical estimation of the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase (1, 2, 3).3  
This test method has been described  (4) as being superior to other manual methods with regard to effort, bias, and simplicity.
Any number of clearly distinguishable constituents or phases within a microstructure (or macrostructure) can be counted using the method. Thus, the method can be applied to any type of solid material from which adequate two-dimensional sections can be prepared and observed.  
A condensed step-by-step guide for using the method is given in Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections through the microstructure by means of a point grid.
1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the volume fraction of constituents is described in Practice E1245.
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2002
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.14 - Quantitative Metallography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E562-01 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E562-05 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM A890/A890M-18a - Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM A874/A874M-98(2022) - Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Castings Suitable for Low-Temperature Service
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM B848/B848M-21 - Standard Specification for Powder Forged (PF) Ferrous Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F755-19 - Standard Specification for Selection of Porous Polyethylene for Use in Surgical Implants
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2109-01(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in Thermal Sprayed Coatings
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2799-23 - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Maceral Composition of Coal
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM A799/A799M-10(2020) - Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Stainless, Instrument Calibration, for Estimating Ferrite Content
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F561-19 - Standard Practice for Retrieval and Analysis of Medical Devices, and Associated Tissues and Fluids
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4616-95(2018) - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light and Determination of Mesophase in a Pitch
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM A1021/A1021M-20 - Standard Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E112-13(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1181-02(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM E562-02 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point CountASTM E562-02 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
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ASTM E562-02 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 562 – 02
Standard Test Method for
Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point
1
Count
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 562; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method may be used to determine the volume fraction of constituents in an opaque
specimen using a polished, planar cross section by the manual point count procedure.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume tice, see TerminologyE7.
fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
through the microstructure by means of a point grid. 3.2.1 point count—the total number of points in a test grid
1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the that fall within the microstructural feature of interest, or on the
volumefractionofconstituentsisdescribedinPracticeE 1245. feature boundary; for the latter, each test point on the boundary
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the is one half a point.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.2 point fraction—the ratio, usually expressed as a per-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- centage, of the point count of the phase or constituent of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- interest on the two-dimensional image of an opaque specimen
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. to the number of grid points, which is averaged over n fields to
produce an unbiased estimate of the volume fraction of the
2. Referenced Documents
phase or constituent.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.2.3 stereology—themethodsdevelopedtoobtaininforma-
2
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
tion about the three-dimensional characteristics of microstruc-
2
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography tures based upon measurements made on two-dimensional
2
E 407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
sections through a solid material or their projection on a
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to surface.
3
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3.2.4 test grid—a transparent sheet or eyepiece reticle with
E 1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second a regular pattern of lines or crosses that is superimposed over
Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image
the microstructural image for counting microstructural features
2
Analysis of interest.
3.2.5 volume fraction—the total volume of a phase or
constituent per unit volume of specimen, generally expressed
as a percentage.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallog-
3.3 Symbols:
raphy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.14 on Quantitative
Metallography.
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published June 10, 2002. Originally
published as E 562 – 76. Last previous edition E 562 – 01.
P = total number of points in the test grid.
T
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. th
P = point count on the i field.
3 i
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E562–02
TABLE 1 95 % Confidence Interval Multipliers
P
P (i) =
i
P
3 100 = percentage of grid points, in the
No. of Fields n t No. of Fields n t
P
T
th
constituent observed on the i field.
5 2.776 19 2.101
6 2.571 20 2.093
n = number of fields counted.
n
7 2.447 21 2.086
¯
P = 1
p
8 2.365 22 2.080
P ~i! = arithmetic average of P (i).
( p
p
n
i 5 1 9 2.306 23 2.074
s = estimate of the standard deviation (s) (see (Eq
10 2.262 24 2.069
3) in Section 10).
11 2.228 25 2.064
95 % CI = 95 % confidence interval 12 2.201 26 2.060
13 2.179 27 2.056
= 6ts/ n (see Note 1).
=
14 2.160 28 2.052
t = a multiplier related to the number of fields
15 2.145 29 2.048
examined and used in conjunction with the 16 2.131 30 2.045
17 2.120 40 2.020
standard deviation of the measurements to de-
18 2.110 60 2.000
termine the 95% CI.
` 1.960
V = volume fraction of the constituent or phase
V
expressed as a percentage (see (Eq 5) in Section
10).
% RA = % relative accuracy, a measure of the statistical
6. Apparatus
¯
precision = (95 % CI/ P ) 3 100.
p
6.1 Test Grid, consisting of a specified number of equally
NOTE 1— Table 1 gives the appropriate multiplying factors (t) for any
spacedpointsformedbytheinte
...

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ASTM
ASTM E2283-08(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

ABSTRACT
This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous non-metallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. This practice enables the experimenter to estimate the extreme value distribution of inclusions in steels. The procedures in determining non-metallic inclusions in steel are presented and discussed in details.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents in metals using extreme value statistics.  
5.2 It is well known that failures of mechanical components, such as gears and bearings, are often caused by the presence of large nonmetallic oxide inclusions. Failure of a component can often be traced to the presence of a large inclusion. Predictions related to component fatigue life are not possible with the evaluations provided by standards such as Test Methods E45, Practice E1122, or Practice E1245. The use of extreme value statistics has been related to component life and inclusion size distributions by several different investigators (3-8). The purpose of this practice is to create a standardized method of performing this analysis.  
5.3 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals because of the unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions. Other methods involving complete inspection such as ultrasonics must be used to locate their presence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for assessing exogenous inclusions.  
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic content of different lots of steels can be compared.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy, linear feature parameters shall be reported as micrometers, and feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.  
1.5 The methodology can be extended to other materials and to other microstructural features.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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