ASTM E1417-99
(Practice)Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination
Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal, and nonmetal components. Note 1-When coordinated through the Department of Defense (DoD) this practice will be a direct replacement of MIL-STD-6866.
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance (in-service) inspections. These processes are applicable for the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or connected to the surface of the component under examination.
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated temperature with components manufactured from thermoplastic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to ensure that none of the cleaning or inspection materials are harmful to the components to be examined.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Notes 3 and 4.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:E1417–99
Standard Practice for
Liquid Penetrant Examination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-
Fail Technique)
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal,
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
and nonmetal components.
destructive Testing
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this
E 1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
rescent Penetrants
(in-service) inspections. These processes are applicable for the
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion,
2.3 ASNT Document
cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or con-
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
nected to the surface of the component under examination.
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas-
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers
2.4 Military Standards:
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as
MIL-I-25135 Inspection Materials, Penetrant
plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to
QPL 25135 Qualified Products of, Inspection Materials,
ensure that none of the cleaning or inspection materials are
Penetrant
harmful to the components to be examined.
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as
tion and Certification
standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information
MIL-STD-792 Identification Marking Requirements for
only.
Special Purpose Components
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement
MIL-STD-1907 Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle,
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
Soundness Requirements for Materials, Parts, and Weld-
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
ments
organization.
MIL-STD-2175 Castings Classification and Inspection of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
QPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection Mate-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
rial, Penetrant
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
MIL-STD-6866 Inspection, Penetrant Method of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
MIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards:
tionary statements are given in Notes 2 and 3.
ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 General Requirement for Calibration
2. Referenced Documents
Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment
ISO 10012-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for Measur-
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
ing Test Equipment
the extent specified herein:
2.2 ASTM Standards:
D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
D 2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde- manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1999. Published April 1999. Originally Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
8 nd th
published as E 1417 – 91. Last previous edition E 1417 – 95a. AvailablefromAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,11West42 Street,13
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1417–99
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive 4. Significance and Use
Test Personnel
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-
2.6 SAE Standard:
trolling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant
practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering
2.7 DoD Contracts—Unless otherwise specified, the issues drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the
procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci- supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the
fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.
requirements of this practice. Test Method E 165 contains
information to help develop detailed how-to requirements.
2.8 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between
5. Classification
the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text
of this practice takes precedence.
5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are clas-
sified in accordance with the material classification contained
in MIL-I-25135 or AMS 2644. Penetrant systems covered by
this practice shall be of the following types, methods, and
3. Terminology
sensitivity levels:
3.1 Definitions:
5.1.1 Type:
3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina-
5.1.1.1 Type I—Fluorescent dye.
tion that appears in Terminology E 1316 shall apply to the
5.1.1.2 Type II—Visible dye.
terms used in this practice.
5.1.2 Method:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.1.2.1 Method A—Water washable.
3.2.1 aerospace—any component that will be installed on a
5.1.2.2 Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic.
system that flies.
5.1.2.3 Method C—Solvent-removable.
3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization—the company,
5.1.2.4 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.
agency, or other authority responsible for the design or after
5.1.3 Sensitivity—(These levels apply to Type I penetrant
delivery, end use of the system or component for which liquid
systems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a single
penetrant examination is required; in addition to design per-
sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed
sonnel, this may include personnel from material, and process
as follows):
engineering, stress analysis, NDTor quality groups and others,
5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level ⁄2 —Very low.
as appropriate.
5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1—Low.
3.2.3 component—the part(s) or element(s) of a system
5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2—Medium.
described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by
5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3—High.
the drawing.
5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh.
3.2.4 final examination—the final examination performed
5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:
fortheacceptanceoftheitem.Anychangetotheitem’ssurface
5.2.1 Form a—Dry powder.
such as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or
5.2.2 Form b—Water-soluble.
etching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may render
5.2.3 Form c—Water-suspendable.
the previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination of
5.2.4 Form d—Nonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-
all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.
etrant.
3.2.5 in-process—that which occurs during manufacturing
5.2.5 Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye.
before a component is in final form.
5.2.6 Form f——Specific application.
3.2.6 in-service—refers to components that are in use or
5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:
storage for their intended function.
5.3.1 Class 1—Halogenated.
3.2.7 linear indication—penetrantindicationswithatleasta
5.3.2 Class 2—Nonhalogenated.
three to one length to width ratio.
5.3.3 Class 3—Specific application.
3.2.8 reprocess—repeat, after cleaning, the application and
appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required),
6. General Practices
and developer (as required).
6.1 Responsibility for Examination—Unless otherwise
3.2.9 rounded indication—penetrant indication whose
specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant
length to width ratio is less than three-to-one.
engineering organization is responsible for the performance of
3.2.10 supplier—the organization contracted to supply the
all examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni-
material, parts, or assembly.
zant engineering organization shall specify more stringent
3.2.11 turbine engine critical components—any component
requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when
on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as “critical.”
necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and
reliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the
supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilities
suitable for the performance of the examination requirements
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
Warrendale, PA 15096. specified herein. The purchaser reserves the right to perform
E1417–99
any of the examinations set forth in this practice where such overdrying of parts. The forced air does not have to be
examinations are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies and recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts.The
services conform to prescribed requirements. temperature shall be controlled with a calibrated device ca-
pable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615°F of the
6.2 Specifying—When examination is required in accor-
temperature for which it is set. The oven shall not exceed
dance with this practice the orders, contracts, or other appro-
160°F (71°C). The temperature indicator shall be accurate to
priate documents shall specify the criteria by which the
610°F of the actual oven temperature.
acceptability of components is to be evaluated.An example of
such criteria is in MIL-STD-1907; however, other criteria may 6.7 Written Procedures—All liquid penetrant examination
be utilized. Engineering drawings or other applicable docu-
procedures are similar for many components, a master written
ments shall indicate the acceptance criteria for the entire procedure may be utilized that covers the details common to a
component; zoning may be used. Examination on a sampling
variety of components.As a minimum, the following informa-
basis shall not be allowed unless specifically permitted by the tion is required either in individual procedures, or a master
contract.
procedure, or a combination thereof:
6.3 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami-
6.7.1 Details of the precleaning and etching process, includ-
nations to this practice shall be qualified and certified in
ing the materials used and specification or other document
accordance with ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A,
controlling the examination process, the drying parameters and
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, NAS 410, or MIL-STD-410 for military
the processing times. If these operations are performed by
purposes, or as specified in the contract or purchase order.
other than examination personnel, details concerning the op-
6.4 Agency Qualification—The agency performing this erations may be specified in other documents but must be
practice may be evaluated in accordance with Practice E 543. referenced in the procedure(s). Reference Test Method E 165
for detailed cleaning methods and instructions.
6.5 Materials:
6.7.2 Classification of the penetrant examination materials
6.5.1 Qualified Materials—Only materials listed or ap-
provedforlistingonQPL-25135orQPL-AMS2644(reference required in accordance with Section 5 and MIL-I-25135 or
AMS-2644.
MIL-I-25135 or AMS 2644) shall be utilized for penetrant
examination. Materials not conforming to the requirements of
6.7.3 Complete processing parameters for the penetrant
MIL-I-25135 or AMS 2644 may be used only when a waiver
examination materials including concentrations, application
is obtained from the cognizant engineering organization.
methods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controls
6.5.2 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible Materials— to prevent excessive drying of penetrant or overheating of
Penetrant materials tested in accordance with Test Method component, as appropriate. Reference Test Method E 165 for
additional details.
D 2512 and passing at 70 ft·lbf (95 J) or higher, shall be used
on LOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-
6.7.4 Complete examination/evaluation requirements in-
cleaned. Use of these materials shall be in accordance with the
cluding light intensities (both examination and ambient), the
material supplier instructions and shall require approval of the
accept/reject criteria and the method and location of marking.
cognizant engineering organization when such materials do not
Reference Test Method E 165 for additional details.
meet the requirements of MIL-I-25135 or AMS-2644.
6.7.5 Identification of the components or areas within a
6.6 Equipment and Facilities—Processing equipment used
component to be examined in accordance with the procedure.
in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed and
6.7.6 Complete postcleaning procedures. If postcleaning is
arranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. The
performed by other than examination personnel, details con-
equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safety
cerningthisoperationmaybespecifiedinotherdocuments,but
requirements as well as the requirements specified herein.
must be referenced in the procedure. Reference Test Method
6.6.1 Viewing Areas—Areas where parts are reviewed shall
E 165 for additional details.
be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination,Type II,
6.8 Examination Sequence—Final penetrant examination
the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc (1000 lx) of
shall be performed after completion of all operations that could
visible light
...
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