ASTM D7110-05a(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Significance of Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Engine Oil Rheology—The low-temperature, low-shear viscometric behavior of an engine oil, whether new, used, or sooted, determines whether the oil will flow to the sump inlet screen, then to the oil pump, then to the sites in the engine requiring lubrication in sufficient quantity to prevent engine damage immediately or ultimately after cold temperature starting. Two forms of flow problems have been identified, flow-limited and air-binding behavior. The first form of flow restriction, flow-limited behavior, is associated with the oil's viscosity; the second, air-binding behavior, is associated with gelation.
Significance of the Test Method—The temperature-scanning technique employed by this test method was designed to determine the susceptibility of the engine oil to flow-limited and air-binding response to slow cooling conditions by providing continuous information on the rheological condition of the oil over the temperature range of use. , , In this way, both viscometric and gelation response are obtained in one test.
Note 1—This test method is one of three related to pumpability related problems. Measurement of low-temperature viscosity by the two other pumpability test methods, D3829 and D4684, hold the sample in a quiescent state and generate the apparent viscosity of the sample at shear rates ranging up to 15 s-1 and shear stresses up to 525 Pa at a previously selected temperature. Such difference in test parameters (shear rate, shear stress, sample motion, temperature scanning, and so forth) can lead to differences in the measured apparent viscosity among these methods with some test oils, particularly when other rheological factors associated with gelation are present. In addition, the three methods differ considerably in cooling rates.
Gelation Index and Gelation Index Temperature—This test method has been further developed to yield parameters called the Gelation Index and Gelation Index Temperature. T...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low temperatures.
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s-1 is produced at shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3°C per hour over the range of −5 to −40°C.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index) and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D7110 − 05a(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used
1
and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent 3.1 Definitions:
viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low 3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—theviscosityobtainedbyuseof
temperatures.
this test method.
-1
3.1.1.1 Discussion—See3.1.6fordefinitionofviscosityand
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s is produced at
units.
shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured
continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3°C per hour 3.1.2 Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given temperature,
over the range of −5 to −40°C.
exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are 3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given
viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation temperature,exhibitsaviscositythatvarieswithshearstressor
Index)andthetemperatureatwhichtheGelationIndexoccurs. shear rate.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine 3.1.4 shear rate, n—velocity gradient perpendicular to the
direction of flow.
oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The SI unit for shear rate is the recip-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
-1
rocal second (1/s; also s ).
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. 3.1.5 shear stress, n—force per unit area in the direction of
flow.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5.1 Discussion—TheSIunitforshearstressisthepascal
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(Pa).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.6 viscosity, n—thatpropertyofafluidwhichresistsflow.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Viscosity is defined as the ratio of the
applied shear stress (force causing flow) and the shear rate
2. Referenced Documents
(resultant velocity of flow per unit distance from a stationary
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
surface wet by the fluid). Mathematically expressed:
D341Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
viscosity 5shearstress/shearrateor, symbolically, η 5 τ/G (1)
Petroleum Products
D3829Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping in which the symbols in the second portion of Eq 1 are
Temperature of Engine Oil
defined by 3.1.4 and 3.1.5. The SI unit for viscosity used
D4684Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and herein is millipascal seconds (mPa·s).
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3.2.1 air-binding oils, n—those engine oils whose border-
Petroleum Products
linepumpingtemperaturesaredeterminedbyacombinationof
gelation and viscous flow.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee 3.2.2 borderline pumping temperature, n—that temperature
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
atwhichanengineoilmayhavesuchpoorflowcharacteristics
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originally
that the engine oil pump may not be capable of supplying
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7110–05a. DOI:
sufficient lubricant to the engine.
10.1520/D7110-05AR11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.3 calibration oil, n—Newtonianoilsdevelopedandused
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
to calibrate the viscometer drive module over the viscosity
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. range required for this test method.
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D7110 − 05a (2011)
3.2.3.1 Discussion—These calibration oils are specially 3.2.13 programmable liquid cold bath, n—a liquid bath
blended to give sufficient sensitivity and range for the special having a temperature controller capable of being programmed
viscometer head used. to run the calibration and the analysis portions of the test
method.
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