ASTM D3236-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating Materials
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by this test method may not correlate well with end-use applications where high shear rates are encountered.
5.2 Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such, the apparent viscosity will be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the viscometer described in this test method generally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of hot melt adhesives and coating materials compounded with additives and having apparent viscosities up to 200 000 millipascal second (mPa·s) (Note 3) at temperatures up to 175 °C (347 °F).
Note 1: Although precision has not been studied, this procedure may be adaptable to viscosities higher than the present 200 000 mPa·s limit and temperatures above 175 °C (347 °F). Equipment described in this test method permits testing of materials having viscosities as high as 16 × 106 mPa·s and provides temperatures up to 260 °C (500 °F).
Note 2: For petroleum waxes and their blends having apparent viscosities below 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445 is especially applicable.
Note 3: One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoise (cP); one millipascal-second = one centipoise.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D3236 −15
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* may vary with the spindle and rotational speed selected
because many hot melts are non-Newtonian.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the appar-
3.1.2 viscosity—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. The
ent viscosity of hot melt adhesives and coating materials
viscosity of a liquid is a measure of the internal friction of the
compounded with additives and having apparent viscosities up
liquid in motion. The unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal
to200000millipascalsecond(mPa·s)(Note3)attemperatures
second. For a Newtonian liquid, the viscosity is constant at all
up to 175°C (347°F).
shear rates. For a non-Newtonian liquid, viscosity will vary
NOTE 1—Although precision has not been studied, this procedure may
depending on shear rate.
beadaptabletoviscositieshigherthanthepresent200000mPa·slimitand
temperatures above 175°C (347°F). Equipment described in this test
4. Summary of Test Method
6
method permits testing of materials having viscosities as high as 16×10
4.1 A representative sample of the molten material to be
mPa·s and provides temperatures up to 260°C (500°F).
NOTE 2—For petroleum waxes and their blends having apparent
tested is maintained in a thermally controlled sample chamber.
viscosities below 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445 is especially applicable.
Apparent viscosity is determined under temperature equilib-
NOTE 3—One pascal second (Pa·s)=1000 centipoise (cP); one milli-
riumconditionsusingaprecisionrotatingspindletypeviscom-
pascal-second=one centipoise.
eter. Data obtained at several temperatures can be plotted on
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
appropriate semi-logarithmic graph paper and apparent viscos-
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
ity at intermediate temperatures can be estimated.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 Thistestmethoddistinguishesbetweenhotmeltshaving
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
performance in application machinery operating under condi-
2. Referenced Documents
tions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by
2
this test method may not correlate well with end-use applica-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tions where high shear rates are encountered.
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
5.2 Materialsofthetypedescribedinthisproceduremaybe
ity) quite non-Newtonian and as such, the apparent viscosity will
be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test.
3. Terminology
Although the viscometer described in this test method gener-
ally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate,
3.1 Definitions:
differencesinsheareffectcanexistdependinguponthespindle
3.1.1 apparent viscosity—the viscosity determined by this
and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program.
test method and expressed in millipascal seconds. Its value
Maximumcorrelationbetweenlaboratories,therefore,depends
upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of 6. Apparatus
Subcommittee D02.10.0A on Physical/Chemical Properties.
6.1 Viscometer, Concentric Cylinder Rotational—The es-
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally
sential instrumentation required providing the minimum ratio-
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3236–88(2014).
DOI: 10.1520/D3236-15.
nal viscometer analytical capabilities include:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1.1 Drive motor, to apply a unidirectional rotational dis-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
placement to the specimen at a rate of 0.5r⁄min to 60r⁄min
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. constant to 61%.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3236 − 88 (Reapproved 2014) D3236 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of hot melt adhesives and coating materials compounded
with additives and having apparent viscosities up to 200 000 millipascal second (mPa·s) (Note 3) at temperatures up to 175°C
(347°F).175 °C (347 °F).
NOTE 1—Although precision has not been studied, this procedure may be adaptable to viscosities higher than the present 200 000-mPa·s200 000 mPa·s
limit and temperatures above 175°C (347°F).175 °C (347 °F). Equipment described in this test method permits testing of materials having viscosities as
6
high as 16 × 10 mPa·s and provides temperatures up to 260°C (500°F).260 °C (500 °F).
NOTE 2—For petroleum waxes and their blends having apparent viscosities below 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445 is especially applicable.
NOTE 3—One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoise (CP);(cP); one millipascal second = one millipascal-second = one centipoise.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity—the viscosity determined by this test method and expressed in millipascal seconds. Its value may vary
with the spindle and rotational speed selected because many hot melts are non-Newtonian.
3.1.2 viscosity—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of the internal friction of the liquid
in motion. The unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal second. For a Newtonian liquid, the viscosity is constant at all shear rates.
For a non-Newtonian liquid, viscosity will vary depending on shear rate.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A representative sample of the molten material to be tested is maintained in a thermally controlled sample chamber.
Apparent viscosity is determined under temperature equilibrium conditions using a precision rotating spindle type viscometer. Data
obtained at several temperatures can be plotted on appropriate semi-logarithmic graph paper and apparent viscosity at intermediate
temperatures can be estimated.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity
determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate.
Apparent viscosity as determined by this test method may not correlate well with end-use applications where high shear rates are
encountered.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.10.0A on Physical/Chemical Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2014April 1, 2015. Published July 2014May 2015. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
D3236 – 88 (2009).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D3236-88R14.10.1520/D3236-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D3236 − 15
5.2 Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such, the apparent viscosity will be
a function of shear rate under the cond
...
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