ASTM C985-04(2010)

Standard Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts. Materials to be used in the manufacture of nonreinforced concrete pipe include: concrete, cement, fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, aggregates, admixtures and blends, and steel reinforcement. Pipes shall be subjected to mechanical test to determine their designated and cracking strengths.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 A complete companion to Specification C985 has been developed, C985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.
Note 1—This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load conditions and the designated strength of the pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the pipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construction site.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2010
• ICS: 23.040.50 - Pipes and fittings of other materials
• Technical Committee: C13 - Concrete Pipe
• Drafting Committee: C13.01 - Non-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C985-04e1 - Standard Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM C985-13 - Standard Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2013
• Referred By: ASTM C1885-21 - Standard Specification for Circular Precast Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe for Pipe Jacking
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C877-21 - Standard Specification for External Sealing Bands for Concrete Pipe, Manholes, and Precast Box Sections
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C990-09(2019) - Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes, and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C1628-19 - Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C985 −04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Specification for
Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm
Drain, and Sewer Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and
Products
for the construction of culverts.
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and
1.2 A complete companion to Specification C985 has been
Mortars
developed, C985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are pre-
C1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and
sented in this specification.
Shotcrete
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
NOTE 1—This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica-
tion only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the
3. Terminology
relationship between field load conditions and the designated strength of
the pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance
3.1 Definitions—Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtoconcrete
ofthisproductdependsupontheproperselectionofthepipestrength,type
pipe, see Terminology C822.
of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the
construction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specified
4. Basis of Acceptance
herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the
pipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construction site.
4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determined
in accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has been
2. Referenced Documents
accepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
accordancewithSection9,productionpipeshallbeacceptedin
A82/A82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete
accordance with 4.2.
Reinforcement
4.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and Material
A185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire
Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for Defects—
Reinforcement, Plain, for Concrete
Determine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 11.
A496/A496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for
Concrete Reinforcement
NOTE 2—It is necessary that samples be selected at random. For
A497/A497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire guidance, see Practice E105.
Reinforcement, Deformed, for Concrete
4.3 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for
A615/A615M SpecificationforDeformedandPlainCarbon-
acceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicated
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
by the specified tests.
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
5. Design and Manufacturing Data
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
C497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or
5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-
Tile
tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:
5.1.1 Basis of acceptance and supporting data,
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on
5.1.2 Designated pipe strength,
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 on
5.1.3 Physical Characteristics—Diameter, wall thickness,
Non-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe.
laying length, and joint details,
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved
ϵ1
5.1.4 Admixtures,
in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C985 – 04 . DOI: 10.1520/
C0985-04R10.
5.1.5 Manufacturing and curing process, and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcement
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. specification, and grade.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C985−04 (2010)
5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance, diameter, spacing that the protective covering over the circumferential reinforce-
and cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, and ment in the wall of the section shall be 1 in.
special reinforcement.
6.2.2.2 Splices—If the splices are not welded, the reinforce-
ment shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformed
6. Materials and Manufacture
bars, and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire.
When splices are welded and are not lapped to the minimum
6.1 Materials:
requirements above, there shall be a minimum lap of 2 in. and
6.1.1 Concrete—The concrete shall consist of cementitious
pull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least
materials, mineral aggregates, and water.
50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.
6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:
6.2.2.3 Spacing—Handling reinforcements shall be indi-
6.1.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements
vidual hoops or shall be formed into a cage or cages. It shall be
for portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portland
distributed along the length of the pipe section, or one half of
blast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-
the minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed in
forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except that
eachoftheextremequartersofthelengthofan8-ftorlesspipe
the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan
section, or one third of the minimum reinforcement shall be
cement shall be fly ash.
allowedtobeplacedineachthirdofthelengthofalongerthan
6.1.2.2 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements
8-ft pipe section. Additionally, at least 75 % of the minimum
of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.
area shall be located not less than one fifteenth of the length of
6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)—
the pipe section from any portion of the joint.
GGBFSshallconformtotherequirementsofGrade100or120
6.2.2.4 Area—The minimum area of circumferential han-
of Specification C989.
dling reinforcement shall be equal to 0.00003 (D + t) in
6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious
square in. per ft of pipe, where “D” equals the designated
Materials—The combination of cementitious materials used in
diameter in inches and “t” equals the wall thickness in inches.
the cement shall be one of the following:
6.2.2.5 Special Designs— The manufacturer shall be al-
(1) Portland cement only,
lowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval.
(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,
Approval shall be based on structural calculations or on load
(3) Slag modified portland cement only,
tests. The minimum ultimate three-edge bearing load shall be
(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,
equal to the weight of the pipe and shall be sustained by the
(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or
pipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full length
(6) A combination or portland cement and ground granu-
of the pipe. The pipe shall also meet the strength requirements
lated blast-furnace slag.
of Section 7, and Section 10 or 11, or both.
(7) A combination of portland cement, ground granulated
6.2.3 Joints—Thejointsshallbeofsuchdesignandtheends
blast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitious
of the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sections
weight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-
are laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe with
tious weight).
a smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in the
6.1.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to the require-
flowline, all compatible with the permissible variations given
ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement for
in Section 8.
gradation shall not apply.
6.2.4 Lift Holes—When agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes
6.1.4 Admixtures and Blends—Admixtures and blends shall
or holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for the
be allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.
purpose of handling.
6.1.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of
wire conforming to Specification A82/A82M, or Specification
6.3 Synthetic Fibers—Collated fibrillated virgin polypropyl-
A496/A496M, or of wire fabric conforming to Specification
ene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturer’s
A185/A185M, or Specification A497/A497M, or of bars of
option, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing
Grade 40 steel conforming to Specification A615/A615M.
material. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-
tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the
6.2 Manufacture:
requirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.
6.2.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-
portioned, and mixed with cementitious materials, water, and
7. Physical Properties
admixtures,ifany,toproduceahomogeneousconcretemixture
of such quality that the pipe will conform to the design and test
7.1 Pipe Strength— Pipe strength shall be either a desig-
requirements of this specification.
nated strength or a cracking strength. The designated strength
6.2.2 Handling Reinforcement—Circumferential handling
is that specified as the minimum load required to produce the
reinforcement shall be provided in all pipe larger than 36 in. in
cracking strength when tested in three-edge bearing in accor-
diameter.
dance with Test Methods C497. The cracking strength is the
6.2.2.1 Placement—Where one line of circular reinforce- actual maximum load observed in the three-edge bearing test,
ment is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of the and shall be assumed to have been reached when any continu-
wall thickness from the inside surface. Where two lines of ous visible crack caused by the test load exceeds 1 ft in length
circular reinforcement are used, each line shall be so placed measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
C985−04 (2010)
NOTE 3—For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strength
herein are met. A wall thickness greater than that required by
is the minimum load required to produce the ordinary nonreinforced pipe
the design is not a cause for rejection, except that such pipe
load at ultimate failure. For safety reasons, DO NOT look for a visible
shall not be used for tests required in Section 4.
crack during a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.
8.2.5 Straightness Tolerances—Pipe intended to be straight
7.2 Test Equipment and Facilities—The manufacturer shall
shall not vary in alignment more than ⁄8 in./ft of length.
furnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnel
necessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.
9. Acceptance of Design
7.3 Test Methods— The tests for crushing strength shall be 9.1 Acceptance by Tests of Specimens—Three to five repre-
madeinaccordancewithTestMethodsC497.Whenalternative
sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter than
methods of load testing are specified, tests shall be made in standard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner and
accordance with the alternative requirements.
manufacturer, shall be tested to cracking strength and the
results recorded. Compute the values in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for the
8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
cracking strength.
9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,by Eq 1
8.1 Standard Diameters—Pipe shall be manufactured in the
standard designated internal diameters listed in Table 1. or Eq 2, that yield identical values, as follows:
¯
=
s 5 @ ~X 2 X! #/ n 2 1 (1)
~ !
( i
TABLE 1 Standard Designated Internal Diameters, in.
424 36
s 5 = X 2 X /n /~n 2 1! (2)
@ ~ ! #
( i ( i
627 42
830 48
where:
10 33 54
X = observed value of the load to develop the cracking
12 60
i
strength,
X¯ = average (arithmetic mean) of the values of X, and
i
n = number of observed values.
9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, X¯ ,
s
by Eq 3.In Eq 3 the value of the estimated standard deviation,
NOTE 4—Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 may be
s, shall be calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.01 L,
available. When such sizes are required, the owner should contact the
manufacturers in the project area. whichever is greater.
8.2 Design Tolerances—Except as specified in this section,
¯
X 5 L11.07 s (3)
s
all permissible design tolerances shall be provided under
where:
requirements in Section 5.
8.2.1 Diameter Tolerances—The internal diameter shall not L = Specification limit (designated strength).
vary from the designated diameter by more than 6 ⁄16 in. for
9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmetic
pipe 12 in. in diameter; by more than 6 ⁄4 in. for pipe 15 or 18
mean X¯for the cracking strength is equal to or greater than the
in. in diameter; by more than 6 ⁄16 in. for pipe 21 in. in
computed values of X¯ , and if all the tested specimens meet or
s
diameter; by more than 6 ⁄8 in. for pipe 24 in. to 36 in. in
exceed the specification limit.
diameter; and by more than 61 % for pipe larger than 36 in. in
9.2 Alternative Acceptance Method—The manufacturer
diameter.
shall be allowed to request approval of designs based on
8.2.2 Handling Reinforcement Placement Tolerances—The
empirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, but
maximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforce-
5 not limited to, designs based on interpolation between designs
ment shall be 610 % of the wall thickness or 6 ⁄8 in.,
approved in accordance with 10.1, or designs evaluated on the
whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position of
basis of tests other than the three-edge bearing test method.
the reinforcement exceeding those specified above shall be
Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for each
accepted if the three-edge bearing strength requirements are
contract or order.
met by a representative sample. In no case, however, shall the
cover over the circumferential reinforcement be less than ⁄2 in.
10. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing
8.2.3 Laying Length Tolerances—The length of any section
1 10.1 Lot Sampling— The owner shall randomly select from
of pipe shall not vary more than ⁄2 in. from a specified or
the lot a sample of the size listed in Table 2.
designated des
...