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ASTM D4644-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks

Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method is used to estimate qualitatively the durability of weak rocks in the service environment.(1-7)3 .
This test method is used to assign quantitative durability values to weak rocks. A primary example is the Franklin Rating System (1).
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, and so forth. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the slake durability index of a shale or other similar rock after two drying and wetting cycles with abrasion.
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2004
ICS
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.12 - Rock Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4644-87(1998) - Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks
Effective Date
01-Feb-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D4644-08 - Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008

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ASTM D4644-04 - Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak RocksASTM D4644-04 - Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks
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ASTM D4644-04 - Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4644–04
Standard Test Method for
1
Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing
Purposes
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the slake
durability index of a shale or other similar rock after two
3. Terminology
drying and wetting cycles with abrasion.
3.1 For terminology used in this test method, refer to
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
Terminology D 653
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Practice D 6026.
3.2.1 slake durability index—the percentage by dry mass
1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,
retained of a collection of shale pieces on a 2.00 mm (No. 10)
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
sieve after two cycles of oven drying and 10 min of soaking in
theaccuracytowhichthedatacanbeappliedindesignorother
water with a standard tumbling and abrasion action.
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
standard is beyond its scope.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4.1 The test method is used to estimate qualitatively the
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
3
durability of weak rocks in the service environment.(1-7) .
information only.
4.2 This test method is used to assign quantitative durability
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
valuestoweakrocks.AprimaryexampleistheFranklinRating
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
System (1).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
2. Referenced Documents criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent
2 and objective testing, sampling, inspection, and so forth. Users of this
2.1 ASTM Standards:
standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;
Fluids
Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
D 2113 Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Inves-
5. Apparatus
tigation
D 2216 TestMethodforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater
5.1 Slake Durability Device—The drum (Fig. 1) shall be
(Moisture) Content of Rock and Soil
made of 2.00 mm (No. 10) square-mesh, woven-wire cloth,
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
conforming to the requirements of Specification E 11. It shall
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
becylindricalinshape,withadiameterof140mm(5.5in.)and
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
a length of 100 mm (3.9 in.). The ends shall be rigid plates,
D 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock
with one removable end. It must be sufficiently strong to retain
Core Samples
itsshapeduringuse,butneithertheexteriorofthemeshnorthe
D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-
interior of the drum shall be obstructed by a support.The drum
cal Data
shall be able to withstand a temperature of 110 6 5°C (230 6
9°F). A trough shall support the drum in a horizontal manner
such that the drum is free to rotate about its axis. The trough
1
shallbecapableofbeingfilledwithslakingfluidto20mm(0.8
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
in.) below the drum axis, and shall allow at least 40 mm (1.6
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally
in.) unobstructed clearance between the trough and the bottom
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4644 – 87 (1998).
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of th
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control

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4.1 The field examination, sampling, and petrographic examination in this practice along with appropriate laboratory testing may be used to determine the suitability of rock for erosion control. Factors to consider include identification and delineation of areas or zones of the rock, beds, and facies of unsuitable or marginal composition and properties due to weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses, porosity, and other potentially deleterious characteristics.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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4.1 Riprap is a commonly used form of scour protection and general slope protection. Riprap provides a long term solution when properly sized and installed. Riprap has structural flexibility so it will conform to irregular surfaces and adapt to minor subgrade settlement. It is often appropriate for use in conjunction with soil bioengineering (vegetation establishment) alternatives. In some environments, riprap may provide habitat for benthic organisms and fish.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods to place riprap with associated filters for erosion control purposes. This guide does not recommend a specific course of action because of the diverse methods and procedures that are capable of producing a functional product. This guide identifies favorable riprap qualities and recommends practices best suited to obtain those qualities. The production of rock, use of recycled materials, rock with cut dimensions, and engineering and revetment design are beyond the scope of this guide. Special forms of riprap, including hand placed riprap, grouted riprap, or keyed (plated) riprap that is tamped into place to smooth the surface, are also beyond the scope of this guide.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural quarried stone or large boulders and cobbles. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 Deterioration of stone in this test is one indicator that similar samples exposed to wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles may break down in a water-soaked environment condition in service.  
5.3 This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method provides a quantitative value indicating potential resistance to weathering; however, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing for and quantitative determination of the presence of swelling clays of the smectite group in rock for erosion control. The test particles are intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its durability. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
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1.3.1 The test is time intensive and requires over two weeks to complete the sample preparation, testing and analysis portions of the procedure.  
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and materials other than natural rock is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.5.2 The SI units presented for apparatus are substitutions of the inch-pound units, other similar SI units should be acceptable providing they meet the technical requirements established by the inch-po...

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Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 The sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate soundness test is one method by which to estimate qualitatively the durability of rock under weathering conditions. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value, but rather an indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.  
5.3 This test method has been used to evaluate many different types of rocks. There have been occasions when test results have provided data that have not agreed with the durability of rock under actual field conditions; samples yielding a low soundness loss have disintegrated in actual usage, and the reverse has been true.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers test procedures for evaluating the soundness of rock for erosion control by the effects of a sodium or magnesium sulfate solution on slabs of rock. It is an accelerated weathering test. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of erosion control sized materials and their inherent weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.1.1 The limitations of this test are twofold. First the test is a simulation of freezing and thawing conditions using accelerated life cycling techniques. The test evaluates the internal expansive force derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, an event that may not occur in some natural environments, to simulate the expansion of water rather than the actual freezing of water. Secondly, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials for erosion control is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.3.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practi...

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ASTM
ASTM D6910/D6910M-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Construction Slurries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is a fundamental characteristic for slurries in construction applications. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity test can be used for field quality control of slurries. Relative changes in slurry viscosity can be identified using Marsh Funnel measurements and modifications can be made to mixing and handling procedures.
Note 1: The development of the Marsh Funnel is credited to Hallan N. Marsh of Los Angeles who published the design and use of his funnel viscometer in 1931.  
5.2 This test method allows for the assessment of the apparent viscosity of construction slurries in the laboratory and in the field. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is not a true viscosity, it is an index value and can only be used to assess the relative viscosity of the slurry to water. Higher MFV values are obtained for slurries with higher viscosity and lower MFV values are obtained for slurries with lower viscosity.  
5.3 In this test, it is assumed that the apparent viscosity of a slurry is directly related to the flow duration through a specially shaped funnel (the Marsh Funnel).  
5.4 In slurry construction applications, the viscosity of a slurry must be maintained within a predetermined range to stabilize the surrounding soil being supported.  
5.5 The Marsh Funnel Viscosity has been widely used in drilling soil and rock for water wells and oil, gas, soil stabilization, foundation drilling, and hydraulic barrier applications.  
5.6 Inert suspended solids (such as fine sands, clays, and cement) and additives affect the viscosity of slurries. This test may be used to determine the relative effects of these and other such materials on the viscosity of a slurry.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling/inspection/etc. Us...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides an indirect measurement of the viscosity of construction slurries using a funnel (Marsh Funnel) and a graduated cup with specific volume marks. This test method provides an indicator of the viscosity on a routine basis. This test method has been modified from the API Recommended Practice 13B-1.  
1.2 The result determined using the method is referred to as the Marsh Funnel Viscosity. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is an index property and is not an actual measurement of viscosity.  
1.3 This test can be performed in the laboratory or in the field to assess the Marsh Funnel Viscosity of a slurry for quality control purposes.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7626-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Organic Treat Loading of Organophilic Clay

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard test method is intended as an index test to determine the organic treat loading of organophilic clay. This standard test method can be used for manufacturing quality control and construction quality assurance material evaluation.  
5.2 The percent organic treat loading of organophilic clay is a relative indicator of its adsorptive capacity. Organophilic clay is used for remediation of contaminated sediment, soil, and groundwater.  
5.3 The two test methods denote different devices, a muffle furnace and a thermal gravimetric analyzer. The thermal gravimetric analyzer may be programmed to reach a higher temperature than the muffle furnace, but the organic matter will be burnt off at 750 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers two index test methods that can be used in the evaluation of the amount of organic compound chemically bonded to the base clay portion of a representative sample of organophilic clay.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
Note 1: This standard is presented using SI units. Use of units other than SI is allowed. However, if other units are used, the performance of a units conversion check of the calculations should be included as a part of the calculations.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in equipment, the size of the specimen (mass) required and the significant digits reported.  
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of the reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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