ASTM C648-04(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in.2 (6.4 cm2).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C648 − 04 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
NOTE 1—The size (facial dimensions) of otherwise equal tile affects the
1. Scope
value of breaking strength obtained by this test method. For instance, a 6
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) tile equal in mature body properties and
1 1
ing strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, thickness to a 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. (108 by 108-mm) tile will have a breaking
1 1
strength higher than the 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. tile.
quarry tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in.
(6.4 cm ).
5. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile
and are not considered standard.
strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 6. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1 1
6.1 Specimen-Support, consisting of a 5 ⁄2 by 5 ⁄2 by 1-in.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(139.7 by 139.7 by 25.4-mm) steel block. Three ⁄4-in. (6.4-
mm) diameter and ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) deep tapped holes are
2. Referenced Documents
arrangedinanequilateraltrianglehaving3-in.(76.2-mm)sides
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and whose circumscribed circle has a radius of 1.732 in.
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
(44.0 mm).Theequilateraltriangleislocatedonthe steel block
Products
so that its center coincides with that of the steel block and one
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
side of the triangle runs parallel to one side of the steel block.
3 3
Three ⁄8-in. diameter steel rods, 1 ⁄8 in. with (34.9 mm) long,
3. Terminology
3 1
one end threaded for a distance of ⁄8 in. with the same ⁄4-in.
3.1 Definitions: threadasthetappedholes,andtheotherendgroundflat,fitinto
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in Section 1, the three holes. In a similar manner, a second set of three ⁄8-in.
refer to Terminology C242. diameter steel rods, but ⁄4 in. (19.0 mm) long only, are
threaded on one end for a distance of ⁄8-in., are ground flat on
4. Summary of Test Method
the other end and fit three other ⁄4-in. tapped holes. The three
1 3
⁄4-in. holes, tapped for a distance of ⁄8 in. to receive this
4.1 The test method consists of supporting the tile on the
second set of steel rods are located at the apexes of an
ends of three cylindrical rods, or on three ball bearings for tiles
2 2
equilateral triangle having 1 ⁄2-in. (38.1-mm) long sides and
having an actual facial area of 9 in. (58 cm ) (or less),
whosecircumscribedcirclehasaradiusof0.866in.(22.0mm).
arranged in an equilateral triangle, and applying force at a
Thissecondequilateraltriangleislocatedwithinthefirstonein
definite rate to the center of the tile, which coincides with the
such a manner that its circumscribed circle is identical with the
center of the triangular support, until the specimen breaks.
inscribed circle of the first triangle, and its sides are parallel to
those of the larger triangle.The ball bearing support consists of
1 1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
three ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) ball bearings arranged in an equilateral
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
triangle, with sides of 14 mm concentric and parallel with the
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
other triangles. The bearings are embedded in the block to the
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
extent of half their volume. The steel block has four more
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C648 – 04 (2009).
DOI: 10.1520/C0648-04R14.
⁄4-in. tapped holes to receive socket head cap screws for
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
holding four registry stops. One of these holes is located in the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
center of one side, ⁄4 in. in from the edge. Another of these is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. located in the center of an adjacent side ⁄4 in. from the edge.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C648 − 04 (2014)
Theothertwoarelocatedonanadjacentside, ⁄4 in.infromthe with washer and socket head cap screw through its slot in any
edge, spaced 2 in. (50.8 mm) apart, with one located 1 ⁄4 in. one of numerous positions. Being adjustable, they serve as
(44.4 mm) from one of the corners of the first side. The two
registry stops for the different sizes of tile which may be
single hole registry stops are used with the ball bearing
broken over these supports. For tile of dimensions 4 ⁄4 in.
support. The double hole registry stop and the adjacent edge
(107.9 mm) or smaller, the projections will be located on that
single stop are to be used with the sets of rod supports. Three
end of the strip nearest to the support block; for tile having
of the registry stops designed for use with the cylindrical rod 1
dimensions larger than 4 ⁄4 in., the strips are reversed so that
1 3
supports consist of ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thick steel strips, ⁄4 in.
the projections are located on the end of the steel strips away
wide, 2 in. long, with a ⁄4-in. wide slot extending for the full
from the support block (see Fig. 1). For certain mosaic tiles
2-in. length of the strip. The slot is open on one end and the
with dimensions of less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) length, it is
3 1
other end of each steel strip has a ⁄4 in. wide and 1 ⁄2 in. high
necessarytoreversethepositionoftheregistrystopssothatthe
projection, ⁄8 in. thick, which will contact the edges of the tile
tile is supported with the slot ends in order to avoid interfer-
when in proper position for use. The other two registry stops,
ence with the force applicator.
designed for use with the ball bearing support, have exactly the
6.2 Force Applicator— Force is applied in the exact center
same dimensions except for their projection height which is
⁄8 in. The projection is obtained by making the steel strips of the triangular support by means of a ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm)
diameter stainless steel ball bearing, countersunk to a depth of
actually 3 ⁄2 in. (88.9 mm) long and bending them at right
1 5
angles to obtain the 1 ⁄2-in. or ⁄8-in. (38.1-mm or 15.9-mm) ⁄64 in. (6.7 mm) into one end of a 1-in. (25.4-mm) diameter
highprojection.Eachofthethreeregistrystopscanbefastened and 2-in. long steel rod. A ⁄32-in. (2.4-mm) thick retaining
FIG. 1 Support Block Assembly (See Table 1)
C648 − 04 (2014)
TABLE 1 Conversion of Dimensions Appearing in Figs. 1 and 2
test specimens falls between 10 and 90 % of the scale capacity.
in. mm in. mm The scale shall be graduated into 100
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C648 − 04 (Reapproved 2009) C648 − 04 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry
2 2
tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in. (6.4 cm ).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in Section 1, refer to Terminology C242.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test method consists of supporting the tile on the ends of three cylindrical rods, or on three ball bearings for tiles having
2 2
an actual facial area of 9 in. (58 cm ) (or less), arranged in an equilateral triangle, and applying force at a definite rate to the center
of the tile, which coincides with the center of the triangular support, until the specimen breaks.
NOTE 1—The size (facial dimensions) of otherwise equal tile affects the value of breaking strength obtained by this test method. For instance, a 6 by
1 1
6-in. (152 by 152-mm) tile equal in mature body properties and thickness to a 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. (108 by 108-mm) tile will have a breaking strength higher
1 1
than the 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. tile.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength requirements which
may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from the pressure gage, necessary
to cause the tile to break.
6. Apparatus
1 1 1
6.1 Specimen-Support, consisting of a 5 ⁄2 by 5 ⁄2 by 1-in. (139.7 by 139.7 by 25.4-mm) steel block. Three ⁄4-in. (6.4-mm)
diameter and ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) deep tapped holes are arranged in an equilateral triangle having 3-in. (76.2-mm) sides and whose
circumscribed circle has a radius of 1.732 in. (44.0 mm). (44.0 mm). The equilateral triangle is located on the steel block so that
its center coincides with that of the steel block and one side of the triangle runs parallel to one side of the steel block. Three ⁄8-in.
3 3 1
diameter steel rods, 1 ⁄8 in. with (34.9 mm) long, one end threaded for a distance of ⁄8 in. with the same ⁄4-in. thread as the tapped
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.06
on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2009December 2014. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20042009
as C648 – 04.C648 – 04 (2009). DOI: 10.1520/C0648-04R09.10.1520/C0648-04R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C648 − 04 (2014)
holes, and the other end ground flat, fit into the three holes. In a similar manner, a second set of three ⁄8-in. diameter steel rods,
3 3
but ⁄4 in. (19.0 mm) long only, are threaded on one end for a distance of ⁄8-in., are ground flat on the other end and fit three other
1 1 3
⁄4-in. tapped holes. The three ⁄4-in. holes, tapped for a distance of ⁄8 in. to receive this second set of steel rods are located at the
apexes of an equilateral triangle having 1 ⁄2-in. (38.1-mm) long sides and whose circumscribed circle has a radius of 0.866 in. (22.0
mm). This second equilateral triangle is located within the first one in such a manner that its circumscribed circle is identical with
the inscribed circle of the first triangle, and its sides are parallel to those of the larger triangle. The ball bearing support consists
of three ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) ball bearings arranged in an equilateral triangle, with sides of 14 mm concentric and parallel with the other
triangles. The bearings are embedded in the block to the extent of half their volume. The steel block has four more ⁄4-in. tapped
holes to receive socket head cap screws for holding four registry stops. One of these holes is located in the center of one side, ⁄4
in. in from the edge. Another of these is located in the center of an adjacent side ⁄4 in. from the edge. The other two are located
1 3
on an adjacent side, ⁄4 in. in from the edge, spaced 2 in. (50.8 mm) apart, with one located 1 ⁄4 in. (44.4 mm) from one of the
corners of the first side. The two single hole registry stops are used with the ball bearing support. The double hole registry stop
and the adjacent edge single stop are to be used with the sets of rod supports. Three of the registry stops designed for use with
1 3 1
the cylindrical rod supports consist of ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thick steel strips, ⁄4 in. wide, 2 in. long, with a ⁄4-in. wide slot extending
3 1
for the full 2-in. length of the strip. The slot is open on one end and the other end of each steel strip has a ⁄4 in. wide and 1 ⁄2 in.
high projection, ⁄8 in. thick, which will contact the edges of the tile when in proper position for use. The other two registry stops,
designed for use with the ball bearing support, have exactly the same dimensions except for their projection height which is ⁄8 in.
The projection is obtained by making the steel strips actually 3 ⁄2 in. (88.9 mm) long and bending them at right angles to obtain
1 5
the 1 ⁄2-in. or ⁄8-in. (38.1-mm or 15.9-mm) high projection. Each of the three registry stops can be fastened with washer and socket
head cap screw through its slot in any one of numerous positions. Being adjustable, they serve as registry stops for the different
sizes of tile which may be broken over these supports. For tile of dimensions 4 ⁄4 in. (107.9 mm) or smaller, the projections will
be located on that end of the strip nearest to the support block; for tile having dimensions larger than 4 ⁄4 in., the strips are reversed
so that the projections are located on the end of the steel strips away from the support block (see Fig. 1). For certain mosaic tiles
with dimensions of less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) (25.4 mm) length, it is necessary to reverse the position of the registry stops so that
the tile is supported with the slot ends in order to avoid interference with the force applicator.
6.2 Force Applicator— Force is applied in the exact center of the triangular support by means of a ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) diameter
stainless steel ball bearing, countersunk to a depth of ⁄64 in. (6.7 mm) into one end of a 1-in. (25.4-mm) diameter and 2-in. long
steel rod. A ⁄32-in. (2.4-mm) thick retaining collar prevents the ball from falling out of its recess and is fastened to the steel rod
3 3
by four ⁄32-in. 3-48 NC screws, ⁄8 in. (9.5
...
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