ASTM C648-04(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in.2 (6.4 cm2).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C648 − 04(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
NOTE 1—The size (facial dimensions) of otherwise equal tile affects the
1. Scope
value of breaking strength obtained by this test method. For instance, a 6
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) tile equal in mature body properties and
1 1
ing strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, thickness to a 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. (108 by 108-mm) tile will have a breaking
1 1
strength higher than the 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. tile.
quarry tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in.
(6.4 cm ).
5. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile
and are not considered standard.
strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 6. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1 1
6.1 Specimen-Support, consisting of a 5 ⁄2 by 5 ⁄2 by 1-in.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(139.7 by 139.7 by 25.4-mm) steel block. Three ⁄4-in. (6.4-
mm) diameter and ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) deep tapped holes are
2. Referenced Documents
arrangedinanequilateraltrianglehaving3-in.(76.2-mm)sides
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and whose circumscribed circle has a radius of 1.732 in. (44.0
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
mm). The equilateral triangle is located on the steel block so
Products
thatitscentercoincideswiththatofthesteelblockandoneside
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
of the triangle runs parallel to one side of the steel block.Three
3 3
⁄8-in. diameter steel rods, 1 ⁄8 in. with (34.9 mm) long, one end
3. Terminology
3 1
threaded for a distance of ⁄8 in. with the same ⁄4-in. thread as
3.1 Definitions: the tapped holes, and the other end ground flat, fit into the three
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in Section 1, holes. In a similar manner, a second set of three ⁄8-in. diameter
refer to Terminology C242. steel rods, but ⁄4 in. (19.0 mm) long only, are threaded on one
end for a distance of ⁄8-in., are ground flat on the other end and
1 1
4. Summary of Test Method
fitthreeother ⁄4-in.tappedholes.Thethree ⁄4-in.holes,tapped
for a distance of ⁄8 in. to receive this second set of steel rods
4.1 The test method consists of supporting the tile on the
are located at the apexes of an equilateral triangle having
ends of three cylindrical rods, or on three ball bearings for tiles
2 2
1 ⁄2-in. (38.1-mm) long sides and whose circumscribed circle
having an actual facial area of 9 in. (58 cm ) (or less),
has a radius of 0.866 in. (22.0 mm). This second equilateral
arranged in an equilateral triangle, and applying force at a
triangle is located within the first one in such a manner that its
definite rate to the center of the tile, which coincides with the
circumscribed circle is identical with the inscribed circle of the
center of the triangular support, until the specimen breaks.
first triangle, and its sides are parallel to those of the larger
triangle. The ball bearing support consists of three ⁄8-in.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
(3.2-mm) ball bearings arranged in an equilateral triangle, with
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
sides of 14 mm concentric and parallel with the other triangles.
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
The bearings are embedded in the block to the extent of half
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally
their volume.The steel block has four more ⁄4-in. tapped holes
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C648 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/C0648-04R09.
to receive socket head cap screws for holding four registry
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
stops. One of these holes is located in the center of one side, ⁄4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in. in from the edge. Another of these is located in the center
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of an adjacent side ⁄4 in. from the edge. The other two are
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C648 − 04 (2009)
locatedonanadjacentside, ⁄4 in.infromtheedge,spaced2in. screw through its slot in any one of numerous positions. Being
(50.8 mm) apart, with one located 1 ⁄4 in. (44.4 mm) from one adjustable, they serve as registry stops for the different sizes of
of the corners of the first side. The two single hole registry
tile which may be broken over these supports. For tile of
stops are used with the ball bearing support. The double hole
dimensions 4 ⁄4 in. (107.9 mm) or smaller, the projections will
registry stop and the adjacent edge single stop are to be used
be located on that end of the strip nearest to the support block;
with the sets of rod supports. Three of the registry stops
for tile having dimensions larger than 4 ⁄4 in., the strips are
designed for use with the cylindrical rod supports consist of
reversed so that the projections are located on the end of the
1 3
⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thick steel strips, ⁄4 in. wide, 2 in. long, with
steel strips away from the support block (see Fig. 1). For
a ⁄4-in. wide slot extending for the full 2-in. length of the strip.
certain mosaic tiles with dimensions of less than 1 in. (25.4
The slot is open on one end and the other end of each steel strip
mm) length, it is necessary to reverse the position of the
3 1 1
has a ⁄4 in. wide and 1 ⁄2 in. high projection, ⁄8 in. thick, which
registry stops so that the tile is supported with the slot ends in
will contact the edges of the tile when in proper position for
order to avoid interference with the force applicator.
use.The other two registry stops, designed for use with the ball
6.2 Force Applicator— Force is applied in the exact center
bearing support, have exactly the same dimensions except for
of the triangular support by means of a ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm)
their projection height which is ⁄8 in. The projection is
obtained by making the steel strips actually 3 ⁄2 in. (88.9 mm) diameter stainless steel ball bearing, countersunk to a depth of
1 17
⁄64 in. (6.7 mm) into one end of a 1-in. (25.4-mm) diameter
long and bending them at right angles to obtain the 1 ⁄2-in. or
⁄8-in.(38.1-mmor15.9-mm)highprojection.Eachofthethree and 2-in. long steel rod. A ⁄32-in. (2.4-mm) thick retaining
registry stops can be fastened with washer and socket head cap collar prevents the ball from falling out of its recess and is
FIG. 1 Support Block Assembly (See Table 1)
C648 − 04 (2009)
TABLE 1 Conversion of Dimensions Appearing in Figs. 1 and 2
test specimens falls between 10 and 90 % o
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C 648–98 Designation:C 648–04 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry
2 2
tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in. (6.4 cm ).
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be
approximate.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
E 178 Practice for Dealing withWith Outlying Observations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in Section 1, refer to Terminology C 242.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test method consists of supporting the tile on the ends of three cylindrical rods, or on three ball bearings for tiles having
2 2
an actual facial area of 9 in. (58 cm ) (or less), arranged in an equilateral triangle, and applying force at a definite rate to the center
of the tile, which coincides with the center of the triangular support, until the specimen breaks.
NOTE 1—The size (facial dimensions) of otherwise equal tile affects the value of breaking strength obtained by this test method. For instance,a6by
1 1
6-in. (152 by 152-mm) tile equal in mature body properties and thickness to a 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. (108 by 108-mm) tile will have a breaking strength higher
1 1
than the 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. tile.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength requirements which
may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from the pressure gage, necessary
to cause the tile to break.
6. Apparatus
1 1 1
6.1 Specimen-Support, consisting of a 5 ⁄2 by 5 ⁄2 by 1-in. (139.7 by 139.7 by 25.4-mm) steel block. Three ⁄4-in. (6.4-mm)
diameter and ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) deep tapped holes are arranged in an equilateral triangle having 3-in. (76.2-mm) sides and whose
circumscribed circle has a radius of 1.732 in. (44.0 mm). The equilateral triangle is located on the steel block so that its center
coincides with that of the steel block and one side of the triangle runs parallel to one side of the steel block. Three ⁄8-in. diameter
3 3 1
steel rods, 1 ⁄8 in. with (34.9 mm) long, one end threaded for a distance of ⁄8 in. with the same ⁄4-in. thread as the tapped holes,
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C-21C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved July 10, 1998.Jan. 1, 2009. Published January 1999.February 2009. Originally published as C648–70.approved in 1970. Last previous edition
C648–84 (1994).approved in 2004 as C 648 – 04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 648–04 (2009)
3 3
and the other end ground flat, fit into the three holes. In a similar manner, a second set of three ⁄8-in. diameter steel rods, but ⁄4
3 1
in. (19.0 mm) long only, are threaded on one end for a distance of ⁄8-in., are ground flat on the other end and fit three other ⁄4-in.
1 3
tapped holes. The three ⁄4-in. holes, tapped for a distance of ⁄8 in. to receive this second set of steel rods are located at the apexes
of an equilateral triangle having 1 ⁄2-in. (38.1-mm) long sides and whose circumscribed circle has a radius of 0.866 in. (22.0 mm).
This second equilateral triangle is located within the first one in such a manner that its circumscribed circle is identical with the
inscribed circle of the first triangle, and its sides are parallel to those of the larger triangle. The ball bearing support consists of
three ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) ball bearings arranged in an equilateral triangle, with sides of 14 mm concentric and parallel with the other
triangles. The bearings are embedded in the block to the extent of half their volume. The steel block has four more ⁄4-in. tapped
holes to receive socket head cap screws for holding four registry stops. One of these holes is located in the center of one side, ⁄4
in. in from the edge. Another of these is located in the center of an adjacent side ⁄4 in. from the edge. The other two are located
1 3
on an adjacent side, ⁄4 in. in from the edge, spaced 2 in. (50.8 mm) apart, with one located 1 ⁄4 in. (44.4 mm) from one of the
corners of the first side. The two single hole registry stops are used with the ball bearing support. The double hole registry stop
and the adjacent edge single stop are to be used with the sets of rod supports. Three of the registry stops designed for use with
1 3 1
the cylindrical rod supports consist of ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thick steel strips, ⁄4 in. wide, 2 in. long, with a ⁄4-in. wide slot extending
3 1
for the full 2-in. length of the strip. The slot is open on one end and the other end of each steel strip has a ⁄4 in. wide and 1 ⁄2
in. high projection, ⁄8 in. thick, which will contact the edges of the tile when in proper position for use. The other two registry
stops, designed for use with the ball bearing support, have exactly the same dimensions except for their projection height which
5 1
is ⁄8 in. The projection is obtained by making the steel strips actually 3 ⁄2 in. (88.9 mm) long and bending them at right angles
1 5
to obtain the 1 ⁄2-in. or ⁄8-in. (38.1-mm or 15.9-mm) high projection. Each of the three registry stops can be fastened with washer
and socket head cap screw through its slot in any one of numerous positions. Being adjustable, they serve as registry stops for the
different sizes of tile which may be broken over these supports. For tile of dimensions 4 ⁄4 in. (107.9 mm) or smaller, the
projections will be located on that end of the strip nearest to the support block; for tile having dimensions larger than 4 ⁄4 in., the
strips are reversed so that the projections are located on the end of the steel strips away from the support block (see Fig. 1). For
certain mosaic tiles with dimensions of less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) length, it is necessary to reverse the position of the registry stops
so that the tile is supported with the slot ends in order to avoid interference with the force applicator.
6.2 Force Applicator— Force is applied in the exact center of the triangular support by means of a ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) diameter
stainless steel ball bearing, countersunk to a depth of ⁄64 in. (6.7 mm) into one end of a 1-in. (25.4-mm) diameter and 2-in. long
steel rod. A ⁄32-in. (2.4-mm) thick retaining collar prevents the ball from falling out of its recess and is fastened to the steel rod
3 3
by four ⁄32-in. 3-48 NC screws, ⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) long, with countersunk heads. The opposite end of the steel rod is reduced in
diameter for the proper distance and threaded to fit its female counterpart of the testing machine (see Fig. 2).
6.3 Testing Machine— Any apparatus, preferably motor driven, capable of maintaining a uniform load application rate of 800
to 1100 lbf (3600 to 4900 N)/min and large enough to accommodate the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C 648–04 Designation:C 648–04 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry
2 2
tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in. (6.4 cm ).
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be
approximate.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
E 178 Practice for Dealing withWith Outlying Observations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in Section 1, refer to Terminology C 242.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test method consists of supporting the tile on the ends of three cylindrical rods, or on three ball bearings for tiles having
2 2
an actual facial area of 9 in. (58 cm ) (or less), arranged in an equilateral triangle, and applying force at a definite rate to the center
of the tile, which coincides with the center of the triangular support, until the specimen breaks.
NOTE 1—The size (facial dimensions) of otherwise equal tile affects the value of breaking strength obtained by this test method. For instance,a6by
1 1
6-in. (152 by 152-mm) tile equal in mature body properties and thickness to a 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. (108 by 108-mm) tile will have a breaking strength higher
1 1
than the 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. tile.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength requirements which
may appear in tile specifications. Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from the pressure gage, necessary
to cause the tile to break.
6. Apparatus
1 1 1
6.1 Specimen-Support, consisting of a 5 ⁄2 by 5 ⁄2 by 1-in. (139.7 by 139.7 by 25.4-mm) steel block. Three ⁄4-in. (6.4-mm)
diameter and ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) deep tapped holes are arranged in an equilateral triangle having 3-in. (76.2-mm) sides and whose
circumscribed circle has a radius of 1.732 in. (44.0 mm). The equilateral triangle is located on the steel block so that its center
coincides with that of the steel block and one side of the triangle runs parallel to one side of the steel block. Three ⁄8-in. diameter
3 3 1
steel rods, 1 ⁄8 in. with (34.9 mm) long, one end threaded for a distance of ⁄8 in. with the same ⁄4-in. thread as the tapped holes,
3 3
and the other end ground flat, fit into the three holes. In a similar manner, a second set of three ⁄8-in. diameter steel rods, but ⁄4
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramicWhitewaresandRelatedProductsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC21.06
on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved AprilJan. 1, 2004.2009. Published May 2004.February 2009. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 as
C648–98.C 648 – 04.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 648–04 (2009)
3 1
in. (19.0 mm) long only, are threaded on one end for a distance of ⁄8-in., are ground flat on the other end and fit three other ⁄4-in.
1 3
tapped holes. The three ⁄4-in. holes, tapped for a distance of ⁄8 in. to receive this second set of steel rods are located at the apexes
of an equilateral triangle having 1 ⁄2-in. (38.1-mm) long sides and whose circumscribed circle has a radius of 0.866 in. (22.0 mm).
This second equilateral triangle is located within the first one in such a manner that its circumscribed circle is identical with the
inscribed circle of the first triangle, and its sides are parallel to those of the larger triangle. The ball bearing support consists of
three ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) ball bearings arranged in an equilateral triangle, with sides of 14 mm concentric and parallel with the other
triangles. The bearings are embedded in the block to the extent of half their volume. The steel block has four more ⁄4-in. tapped
holes to receive socket head cap screws for holding four registry stops. One of these holes is located in the center of one side, ⁄4
in. in from the edge. Another of these is located in the center of an adjacent side ⁄4 in. from the edge. The other two are located
1 3
on an adjacent side, ⁄4 in. in from the edge, spaced 2 in. (50.8 mm) apart, with one located 1 ⁄4 in. (44.4 mm) from one of the
corners of the first side. The two single hole registry stops are used with the ball bearing support. The double hole registry stop
and the adjacent edge single stop are to be used with the sets of rod supports. Three of the registry stops designed for use with
1 3 1
the cylindrical rod supports consist of ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thick steel strips, ⁄4 in. wide, 2 in. long, with a ⁄4-in. wide slot extending
3 1
for the full 2-in. length of the strip. The slot is open on one end and the other end of each steel strip has a ⁄4 in. wide and 1 ⁄2
in. high projection, ⁄8 in. thick, which will contact the edges of the tile when in proper position for use. The other two registry
stops, designed for use with the ball bearing support, have exactly the same dimensions except for their projection height which
5 1
is ⁄8 in. The projection is obtained by making the steel strips actually 3 ⁄2 in. (88.9 mm) long and bending them at right angles
1 5
to obtain the 1 ⁄2-in. or ⁄8-in. (38.1-mm or 15.9-mm) high projection. Each of the three registry stops can be fastened with washer
and socket head cap screw through its slot in any one of numerous positions. Being adjustable, they serve as registry stops for the
different sizes of tile which may be broken over these supports. For tile of dimensions 4 ⁄4 in. (107.9 mm) or smaller, the
projections will be located on that end of the strip nearest to the support block; for tile having dimensions larger than 4 ⁄4 in., the
strips are reversed so that the projections are located on the end of the steel strips away from the support block (see Fig. 1). For
certain mosaic tiles with dimensions of less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) length, it is necessary to reverse the position of the registry stops
so that the tile is supported with the slot ends in order to avoid interference with the force applicator.
6.2 Force Applicator— Force is applied in the exact center of the triangular support by means of a ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) diameter
stainless steel ball bearing, countersunk to a depth of ⁄64 in. (6.7 mm) into one end of a 1-in. (25.4-mm) diameter and 2-in. long
steel rod. A ⁄32-in. (2.4-mm) thick ret
...
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