ASTM D5743-97
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers
Standard Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of single or multilayered liquids, with or without solids, in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements should be described in the site-specific work plan.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.2.7.1 and Notes 1 and 2.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5743 – 97
Standard Practice for
Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or Without
Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5743; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Opera-
tions, 1992
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
collecting samples of single or multilayered liquids, with or
Hazardous Waste Site Activities, No. 85-115, October
without solids, in drums or similar containers. These methods
are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of
110 gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to
3. Terminology
hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collec-
3.1 Definitions:
tion and handling requirements should be described in the
3.1.1 bonding—touching the sampling equipment to the
site-specific work plan.
drum to form an electrically conductive path to minimize
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
potential electrical differences between the sampling equip-
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
ment and drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.
information only.
3.1.2 bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
hole.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
3.1.4 deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum;
tionary statements are given in 7.2.7.1 and Notes 1 and 2.
it is usually accomplished with a drum deheader.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.5 drum—implicitly any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-
tainer of 5 to 110-gal (19 to 416-L) capacity.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 pail—a small container, usually of 5-gal (19-L) capac-
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
ity. Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the entire lid can be
D 5088 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-
removed.
ment Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
3.1.7 paperwork—all required site documentation, which
D 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
may include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data
Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-
sheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, seals, and chain of
ance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
custody forms.
D 5495 Practice for Sampling with a Composite Liquid
2 3.1.8 sludge—any mixture of solids that settles out of
Waste Sampler (COLIWASA)
solution. Sludges contain liquids that are not apparent as free
2.2 Other Documents:
liquids.
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/
3.1.9 work plan—a plan specific to a particular site; it is for
600/2-86/013, PB 165362, January 1986
conducting activities specified in the plan.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and appropriate
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
sampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device is
Sampling Techniques.
lowered slowly into the liquid to be sampled. After the material
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1997. Published March 1998. Originally
has entered the device, it is removed from the drum. The
published as D 5743 – 95. Last previous edition D 5743 – 95.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04. contents of the device are discharged into a sample container.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161.
Available from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Hasca, IL 60143-0558.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5743
The sampling device is then either disposed of or cleaned and 7.2.3 Enter the work zone.
decontaminated.
7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note any
abnormal conditions (for example, rust marks, stains, bulges,
5. Significance and Use
or other signs of pressurization or leaks) that may require
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of
special handling. The work plan should clearly define the
single and multilayered liquids, with or without solids, from
limiting conditions under which special handling procedures
drums or similar containers, including those that are unstable,
shall be initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous
ruptured, or otherwise compromised. Special handling proce-
Waste Sites for information on opening overpressurized drums
dures (for example, remote drum opening, overpressurized
and the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.
drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum
7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated work
Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
area if they cannot be sampled in their current location. See
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further
6. Interferences
information on staging drums.
6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled, and the
7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright stable positions if nec-
condition and accessibility of the drums, will have a significant
essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to prevent
impact on the selection of sampling equipment.
movement hazards.
7.2.5.2 Allow adequate time for the drum contents to
7. Pre-Sampling
stabilize if movement of a drum is required. The settling time
7.1 General Principles and Precautions:
is dependent on the type of material expected.
7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with an
7.2.5.3 Number or identify uniquely all drums to be
appropriate work plan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).
sampled.
This plan must include a worker health and safety section
7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.
because there are potential hazards associated with opening
7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from drum labels,
drums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See the
markings, data sheets, and so forth, in the field log book or on
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Haz-
forms specified in the work plan.
ardous Waste Site Activities for information on health and
7.2.6.2 Verify that there are no discrepancies with existing
safety at hazardous waste sites.
paperwork.
7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to con-
7.2.6.3 Any discovered inconsistency from the paperwork
ditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify rigid
(such as evidence of crystals on the drum exterior) should be
rules describing the precise manner of sample collection
noted in the field log book.
because of unknowns associated with each liquid sampling
7.2.7 Slowly remove the bung or loosen the ring that secures
situation. It is essential that the samples be collected by a
the lid, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.
trained and experienced sampler because of the various con-
7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:
ditions under which drummed liquids must be sampled.
(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive or
7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-
negative pressure (that is, a slight bulge or dimple in the lid),
ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the sampling
control the release of pressure until it has equalized. For
procedure must allow for some element of randomness in
example, if the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the
selection because of possible variations in the material. The
smaller bung first since doing so will make it easier to control
sampler should always be on the alert for possible biases
the release of pressure.
arising from the use of a particular sampling device or from
(2) Pails equipped with snap-on lids may be difficult to
unexpected segregation within the material.
open. Care must be exercised when opening to minimize the
7.1.4 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip-
potential of splashing of the contents.
ment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inert to
(3) If the top of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), it
the material being sampled. All equipment, including sample
may “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the sampler
containers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they are
with any material that is sitting on top of the drum.
clear of obvious dirt and contamination and are in good
(4) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or sudden
working condition. Visible contamination must be removed,
pressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-
and the equipment must be decontaminated with the appropri-
ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipment
ate rinse materials. Decontaminated sampling equipment
should be used.
should be protected from contamination. This may include, but
not be limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags, (5) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum and
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protec- sampling equipment should be grounded if the generation of
tion that will not impact the sample quality or intended static electricity while opening or sampling the drum is a
analysis. possibility. The drum and sampling equipment should be
7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Practices: grounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (building
7.2.1 Review all paperwork. ground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New glass, plastic thiefs,
7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containers or composite liquid waste samplers (COLIWASAs) may have
appropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the work some residual static electrical charge due to the materials in
plan. which they are packed and shipped. The work plan should
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5743
specify whether grounding is required. See the Accident selection criteria for equipment by the material to be sampled.
Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations for information 7.4 Sampling Equipment, Materials of Construction—Each
on grounding and bonding. of the sampling devices listed should be constructed from
7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closed materials that are inert to any materials that may be encoun-
individually to minimize the risk of volatilization and expo- tered at a specific site. These devices are usually made of glass,
sure. stainless steel, aluminum, brass, or plastic. Devices with
7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with Bungs—When using a permanent coatings or liners of an inert nonreactive material,
manual bung wrench, cover it with a wipe or cloth to control such as PTFE, may be substituted, if approved by the work
potential liquid spray. Use non-sparking tools. plan.
7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable Lids—Loosen the ring 7.5 Generic Equipment List:
slowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Use 7.5.1 A list of equipment generally required for sampling
non-sparking tools. liquids follows:
7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock 7.5.1.1 Sample containers, lids, and liners;
Ring)—Release the lever slowly. 7.5.1.2 Sample labels;
7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)—Pry the lid 7.5.1.3 COLIWASAs, drum thiefs, sludge samplers, or
loose slowly with a pail lid opener. equivalent devices;
7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading will be 7.5.1.4 Measuring rods;
required if the drum has a stuck bung or the lid cannot be 7.5.1.5 Chain of custody forms;
removed. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste 7.5.1.6 Field log books;
Sites for further information on manual or remote drum 7.5.1.7 Sample cooler;
opening. 7.5.1.8 Wipes or cloths, or both;
7.2.9 If required, insert a measuring rod (graduated in litres 7.5.1.9 Ice or gel ice;
or gallons) into the drum to measure the liquid volume and 7.5.1.10 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emery
determine the presence of solids at the bottom and estimate cloth; and
their percentage. (If minimal disturbance of the contents is 7.5.1.11 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gas
required, the measuring rod can be inserted in the vent bung indicator, organic vapor detectors, radiation survey meter, etc.).
hole when working with a bung-top-drum.) The rod can be 7.5.2 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-
graduated in litres or gallons for a specific size drum, or it can sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not be
be graduated in linear units (inches, centimetres, and so forth), limited to, the following:
with the liquid depth converted to volume using an appropriate 7.5.2.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),
volume conversion. The measuring rod should be nonreactive 7.5.2.2 Flathead screwdriver,
to the waste being contacted. 7.5.2.3 Breaker bar ( ⁄2 in. (13 mm)),
7.5.2.4 Ratchet ( ⁄2in. (13 mm)),
NOTE 1—Caution: Before inserting the measuring rod into the drum,
7.5.2.5 Speed handle ( ⁄2 in. (13 mm)),
touch the rim gently with the rod (bonding) opposite from the bung to
7.5.2.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm)),
equalize any static charge that the drum may exhibit. The work plan
should specify whether bonding is required. 7.5.2.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and
7.5.2.8 Pail lid opener.
7.2.9.1 For many liquids, the sampling equipment can serve
as a substitute measuring device. This can be accomplished by
8. Sample Collection
measuring the length of the liquid column as it is being held
8.1 Basic Sampling Practice:
over the drum and applying an appropriate volume conversion
8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specified
(for example, 1 in. (2.54 cm) equals 1.7 gal (6.43 L) in a 55-gal
in the work plan.
(208-L) drum).
8.1.2 Collect a sample from the drum. Whenever possible,
NOTE 2—Caution: The sampling equipment
...
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