ASTM D5743-97(2003)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers
Standard Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of single and multilayered liquids, with or without solids, from drums or similar containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or otherwise compromised. Special handling procedures (for example, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of single or multilayered liquids, with or without solids, in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements should be described in the site-specific work plan.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.2.7.1 and Notes 1 and 2.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5743–97 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or Without
Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5743; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/
600/2-86/013, PB 165362, January 1986
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for
Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Opera-
collecting samples of single or multilayered liquids, with or
tions, 1992
without solids, in drums or similar containers. These methods
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
areadaptedspecificallyforsamplingdrumshavingavolumeof
Hazardous Waste Site Activities, No. 85-115, October
110 gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to
hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collec-
tion and handling requirements should be described in the
3. Terminology
site-specific work plan.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.1 bonding—touching the sampling equipment to the
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
drum to form an electrically conductive path to minimize
information only.
potential electrical differences between the sampling equip-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ment and drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
hole.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
3.1.3 bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through
tionary statements are given in 7.2.7.1 and Notes 1 and 2.
which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.4 deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum;
it is usually accomplished with a drum deheader.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 drum—implicitly any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
tainer of 5 to 110-gal (19 to 416-L) capacity.
D 5088 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-
3.1.6 pail—a small container, usually of 5-gal (19-L) capac-
ment Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
ity. Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the entire lid can be
D 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
removed.
Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-
3.1.7 paperwork—all required site documentation, which
ance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
may include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data
D 5495 Practice for Sampling with a Composite Liquid
sheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, seals, and chain of
Waste Sampler (COLIWASA)
custody forms.
2.2 Other Documents:
3.1.8 sludge—any mixture of solids that settles out of
solution. Sludges contain liquids that are not apparent as free
liquids.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
3.1.9 work plan—a plan specific to a particular site; it is for
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
conducting activities specified in the plan.
Sampling Techniques.
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 5743 – 97.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from NationalTechnical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Springfield, VA 22161.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Safety Council, 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca, IL
the ASTM website. 60143.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5743–97 (2003)
4. Summary of Practice polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protec-
tion that will not impact the sample quality or intended
4.1 Thedrumanditscontentsareinspected,andappropriate
analysis.
sampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device is
7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Practices:
lowered slowly into the liquid to be sampled.After the material
7.2.1 Review all paperwork.
has entered the device, it is removed from the drum. The
7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containers
contents of the device are discharged into a sample container.
appropriateforthematerialinthedrum,asdetailedinthework
The sampling device is then either disposed of or cleaned and
plan.
decontaminated.
7.2.3 Enter the work zone.
5. Significance and Use
7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note any
abnormal conditions (for example, rust marks, stains, bulges,
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of
or other signs of pressurization or leaks) that may require
single and multilayered liquids, with or without solids, from
special handling. The work plan should clearly define the
drums or similar containers, including those that are unstable,
limiting conditions under which special handling procedures
ruptured, or otherwise compromised. Special handling proce-
shall be initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous
dures (for example, remote drum opening, overpressurized
Waste Sites for information on opening overpressurized drums
drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum
and the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.
Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated work
area if they cannot be sampled in their current location. See
6. Interferences
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further
6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled, and the
information on staging drums.
condition and accessibility of the drums, will have a significant
7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright stable positions if nec-
impact on the selection of sampling equipment.
essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to prevent
movement hazards.
7. Pre-Sampling
7.2.5.2 Allow adequate time for the drum contents to
7.1 General Principles and Precautions:
stabilize if movement of a drum is required. The settling time
7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with an
is dependent on the type of material expected.
appropriate work plan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).
7.2.5.3 Number or identify uniquely all drums to be
This plan must include a worker health and safety section
sampled.
because there are potential hazards associated with opening
7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.
drums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See the
7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from drum labels,
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Haz-
markings, data sheets, and so forth, in the field log book or on
ardous Waste Site Activities for information on health and
forms specified in the work plan.
safety at hazardous waste sites.
7.2.6.2 Verify that there are no discrepancies with existing
7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to con-
paperwork.
ditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify rigid
7.2.6.3 Any discovered inconsistency from the paperwork
rules describing the precise manner of sample collection
(such as evidence of crystals on the drum exterior) should be
because of unknowns associated with each liquid sampling
noted in the field log book.
situation. It is essential that the samples be collected by a
7.2.7 Slowlyremovethebungorloosentheringthatsecures
trained and experienced sampler because of the various con-
the lid, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.
ditions under which drummed liquids must be sampled.
7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:
7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-
(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive or
ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the sampling
negative pressure (that is, a slight bulge or dimple in the lid),
procedure must allow for some element of randomness in
control the release of pressure until it has equalized. For
selection because of possible variations in the material. The
example, if the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the
sampler should always be on the alert for possible biases
smaller bung first since doing so will make it easier to control
arising from the use of a particular sampling device or from
the release of pressure.
unexpected segregation within the material.
(2) Pails equipped with snap-on lids may be difficult to
7.1.4 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip-
open. Care must be exercised when opening to minimize the
ment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inert to
potential of splashing of the contents.
the material being sampled. All equipment, including sample
(3) If the top of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), it
containers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they are
may “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the sampler
clear of obvious dirt and contamination and are in good
with any material that is sitting on top of the drum.
working condition. Visible contamination must be removed,
and the equipment must be decontaminated with the appropri- (4) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or sudden
ate rinse materials. Decontaminated sampling equipment pressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-
should be protected from contamination.This may include, but ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipment
not be limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags, should be used.
D5743–97 (2003)
TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for Equipment
(5) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum and
sampling equipment should be grounded if the generation of Liquid and
One Two or
ASTM Solid
static electricity while opening or sampling the drum is a
Equipment Liquid More Liquid
Standard (Sludge)
Layer Layers
possibility. The drum and sampling equipment should be
Layers
grounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (building
A
Drum thief X XX
B
ground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New glass, plastic thiefs,
COLIWASA D 5495 X X N
Syringe-type sampler N N X
or composite liquid waste samplers (COLIWASAs) may have
C
Coring-type sludge sampler − −X
some residual static electrical charge due to the materials in
Piston-Type Sampler X X N
which they are packed and shipped. The work plan should
A
X = equipment may usually be used in or with this type of waste.
B
specify whether grounding is required. See the Accident
N = not the equipment of choice, but it may be used.
C
− = equipment is probably unsuitable.
Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations for information
on grounding and bonding.
7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closed
materials that are inert to any materials that may be encoun-
individually to minimize the risk of volatilization and expo-
tered at a specific site.These devices are usually made of glass,
sure.
stainless steel, aluminum, brass, or plastic. Devices with
7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with Bungs—When using a
permanent coatings or liners of an inert nonreactive material,
manual bung wrench, cover it with a wipe or cloth to control
such as PTFE, may be substituted, if approved by the work
potential liquid spray. Use non-sparking tools.
plan.
7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable Lids—Loosen the ring
7.5 Generic Equipment List:
slowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Use
7.5.1 A list of equipment generally required for sampling
non-sparking tools.
liquids follows:
7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock
7.5.1.1 Sample containers, lids, and liners;
Ring)—Release the lever slowly.
7.5.1.2 Sample labels;
7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)—Pry the lid
7.5.1.3 COLIWASAs, drum thiefs, sludge samplers, or
loose slowly with a pail lid opener.
equivalent devices;
7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading will be
7.5.1.4 Measuring rods;
required if the drum has a stuck bung or the lid cannot be
7.5.1.5 Chain of custody forms;
removed. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste
7.5.1.6 Field log books;
Sites for further information on manual or remote drum
7.5.1.7 Sample cooler;
opening.
7.5.1.8 Wipes or cloths, or both;
7.2.9 If required, insert a measuring rod (graduated in litres
7.5.1.9 Ice or gel ice;
or gallons) into the drum to measure the liquid volume and
7.5.1.10 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emery
determine the presence of solids at the bottom and estimate
cloth; and
their percentage. (If minimal disturbance of the contents is
7.5.1.11 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gas
required, the measuring rod can be inserted in the vent bung
indicator,organicvapordetectors,radiationsurveymeter,etc.).
hole when working with a bung-top-drum.) The rod can be
7.5.2 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-
graduated in litres or gallons for a specific size drum, or it can
sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not be
be graduated in linear units (inches, centimetres, and so forth),
limited to, the following:
with the liquid depth converted to volume using an appropriate
7.5.2.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),
volume conversion. The measuring rod should be nonreactive
7.5.2.2 Flathead screwdriver,
to the waste being contacted.
7.5.2.3 Breaker bar ( ⁄2 in. (13 mm)),
NOTE 1—Before inserting the measuring rod into the drum, touch the 1
7.5.2.4 Ratchet ( ⁄2 in. (13 mm)),
rim gently with the rod (bonding) opposite from the bung to equalize any
7.5.2.5 Speed handle ( ⁄2 in. (13 mm)),
static charge that the drum may exhibit. The work plan should specify
7.5.2.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm)),
whether bonding is required.
7.5.2.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and
7.2.9.1 For many liquids, the sampling equipment can serve
7.5.2.8 Pail lid opener.
as a substitute measuring device. This can be accomplished by
measuring the length of the liquid column as it is being held
8. Sample Collection
over the drum and applying an appropriate volume conversion
8.1 Basic Sampling Practice:
(for example, 1 in. (2.54 cm) equals 1.7 gal (6.43 L) in a 55-gal
8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specified
(208-L) drum).
in the work plan.
NOTE 2—The sampling equipment or measu
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