ASTM D4391-93a(2013)e2
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
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Designation: D4391 − 93a(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology Relating to
The Burning Behavior of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. They
are published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography of
related literature is given in Appendix X1.
ε NOTE—The term “exposure energy to thermal end point” was added editorially in May 2013.
ε NOTE—The terms “critical sewn seams” and “retained sewn seam strength” were added editorially in September 2014.
afterflame, n—persistent flaming of a material after the igni- dangerously flammable textile, n— not defined. This term is
tion source has been removed. [D13.92] D4391 implied in the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing
Textiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics
after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a material
Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be
continues to flame after the ignition source has been
inferred. (See also flammable textile.)
removed. [D13.92] D4391
embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as the
afterglow, n—glow in material after the removal of an external
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of
flaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-
exposure energy to thermal end point, n—thethermalenergy
dering.)
transferred through a specimen that is sufficient to cause
ignition of contiguous materials. [D13.92] D7140
afterglow time, n—the time afterglow continues after the
cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source.
fire, n—as related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled
[D13.92] D4391
conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as
evidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a high
burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place when
intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning
materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition
waste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building or
source.
forest fire.
charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the
flame, n—as related to textile flammability, a hot luminous
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is
combustible textile, n—a textile that will ignite and burn or
undergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in size
that will give off vapors that will ignite and burn when
and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.
subjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-
(Compare fire.)
mable textile, noncombustible textile.)
DISCUSSION—Examples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen
burner gas flame.
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at
a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as
flame resistance, n—the property of a material whereby
glow or flames.
flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited
DISCUSSION—Some oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-
following application of a flaming or nonflaming source of
tion outside the visible spectrum.
ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition
source.
critical sewn seams, n—in assembly of flame resistant textiles,
DISCUSSION—Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the
those sewn junctions where failure would result in immedi-
basic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.
ate danger or injury.
The degree of flame resistance exhibited by a specific material during
testing may vary with different test conditions.
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
flame resistant, adj—having flame resistance.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.
DISCUSSION—“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originally
ε1
tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4391 – 93(2006) .
DOI: 10.1520/D4391-93AR13E02. mance standards or specifications when the product is tested by a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´2
D4391 − 93a (2013)
specific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-
heat resistance, n—the extent to which a material retains
tant” is a relative term and is used to compare one material to another.
useful properties as measured during exposure of the mate-
rial to a specified temperature and environment for a
flame retardant, adj—not defined. This term should not be
specified time. (Compare heat durability.)
used as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-
treated” and “flame-retardant treatment”.
heat resistant, adj—having heat resistance.
flame retardant, n—a chemical used to impart flame resis-
ignition, n—the initiation of combustion.
tance.
inherent flame-resistance, n—as applied to textiles, flame
flame-retardant-treated, adj—having received a flame-
resistance that derives from an essential characteristic of the
retardant treatment.
fiber from which the textile is made. (Compare flame
DISCUSSION—The term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply to
resistance.)
textiles that are
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2 ´2
Designation: D4391 − 93a (Reapproved 2013) D4391 − 93a (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology Relating to
The Burning Behavior of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. They
are published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography of
related literature is given in Appendix X1.
ε NOTE—The term “exposure energy to thermal end point” was added editorially in May 2013.
ε NOTE—The terms “critical sewn seams” and “retained sewn seam strength” were added editorially in September 2014.
afterflame, n—persistent flaming of a material after the ignition source has been removed. [D13.92] D4391
after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a material continues to flame after the ignition source has been removed.
[D13.92] D4391
afterglow, n—glow in material after the removal of an external ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of flaming
of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smoldering.)
afterglow time, n—the time afterglow continues after the cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source. [D13.92]
D4391
burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place when materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition source.
charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
combustible textile, n—a textile that will ignite and burn or that will give off vapors that will ignite and burn when subjected to
external sources of ignition. (Compare flammable textile, noncombustible textile.)
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as glow
or flames.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.
ε1
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4391 – 93(2006) . DOI:
10.1520/D4391-93AR13E01.10.1520/D4391-93AR13E02.
DISCUSSION—
Some oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radiation outside the visible spectrum.
critical sewn seams, n—in assembly of flame resistant textiles, those sewn junctions where failure would result in immediate
danger or injury.
dangerously flammable textile, n— not defined. This term is implied in the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles
(16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be inferred. (See also
flammable textile.)
embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
exposure energy to thermal end point, n—the thermal energy transferred through a specimen that is sufficient to cause ignition
of contiguous materials. [D13.92] D7140
fire, n—as related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as evidenced
by flames of varying size and shape, and a high intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning waste basket,
grease-fire on a stove, burning building or forest fire.
flame, n—as related to textile flammability, a hot luminous zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is undergoing
combustion, that is relatively constant in size and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux. (Compare fire.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´2
D4391 − 93a (2013)
DISCUSSION—
Examples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen burner gas flame.
flame resistance, n—the property of a material whereby flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited following
application of a flaming or nonflaming source of ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition source.
DISCUSSION—
Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the basic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment. The degree of flame resistance
exhibited by a specific material during testing may vary with different test conditions.
flame resistant, adj—having flame resistance.
DISCUSSION—
“Flame resistant” is the government mandated description for certain products that meet established governmental conformance standards or
specifications when the product is tested by a specific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resistant” is a relative term and is used
to compare one material to another.
flame retardant, adj—not defined. This term should not be used as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-treated” and
“flame-retardant treatment”.
flame retardant, n—a chemical used to impart flame resistance.
flame-retardant-treated, adj—having received a flame-retardant treatment.
DISCUSSION—
The term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply to textiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic properties of the material or the
fiber-forming polymer.
flame-retardant treatment, n—a process for incorporating or adding flame retardant(s) to a material or product.
DISCUSSION—
The term “flame-retardant treatment” does not apply to textiles that are inherently flame resistant due to the intrinsic properties of the materi
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