ASTM D4391-16
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
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Designation: D4391 − 16
StandardTerminology Relating to
1
The Burning Behavior of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. They
are published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography of
related literature is given in Appendix X1.
afterflame, n—persistent flaming of a material after the igni- Textiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics
tion source has been removed. [D13.92] D4391
Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be
inferred. (See also flammable textile.)
after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a material
continues to flame after the ignition source has been
embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as the
removed. [D13.92] D4391
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
afterglow, n—glow in material after the removal of an external
exposure energy to thermal end point, n—thethermalenergy
ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of
transferred through a specimen that is sufficient to cause
flaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-
ignition of contiguous materials. [D13.92] D7140
dering.)
fire, n—as related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled
afterglow time, n—the time afterglow continues after the
conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as
cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source.
evidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a high
[D13.92] D4391
intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning
burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place when
waste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building or
materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition
forest fire.
source.
flame, n—as related to textile flammability, a hot luminous
charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the
zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
undergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in size
combustible textile, n—a textile that will ignite and burn or
and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.
that will give off vapors that will ignite and burn when
(Compare fire.)
subjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-
DISCUSSION—Examples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen
mable textile, noncombustible textile.)
burner gas flame.
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at
flame resistance, n—the property of a material whereby
a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as
flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited
glow or flames.
following application of a flaming or nonflaming source of
DISCUSSION—Some oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-
ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition
tion outside the visible spectrum.
source.
critical sewn seams, n—in assembly of flame resistant textiles,
DISCUSSION—Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the
those sewn junctions where failure would result in immedi-
basic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.
ate danger or injury. The degree of flame resistance exhibited by a specific material during
testing may vary with different test conditions.
dangerously flammable textile, n— not defined. This term is
implied in the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing
flame resistant, adj—indicating characteristics that can en-
hance inhibition of a textile to flaming.
DISCUSSION—“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-
1
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.
mance standards or specifications when the product is tested by a
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally
ε1
specific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4391 – 93a(2013) .
DOI: 10.1520/D4391-16. tant” is a relative term and is used to compare one material to another.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4391 − 16
flame retardant, adj—not defined. This term should not be rial to a specified tempe
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2
Designation: D4391 − 93a (Reapproved 2013) D4391 − 16
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
The Burning Behavior of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. They
are published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography of
related literature is given in Appendix X1.
1
ε NOTE—The term “exposure energy to thermal end point” was added editorially in May 2013.
2
ε NOTE—The terms “critical sewn seams” and “retained sewn seam strength” were added editorially in September 2014.
afterflame, n—persistent flaming of a material after the ignition source has been removed. [D13.92] D4391
after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a material continues to flame after the ignition source has been removed.
[D13.92] D4391
afterglow, n—glow in material after the removal of an external ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of flaming
of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smoldering.)
afterglow time, n—the time afterglow continues after the cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source. [D13.92]
D4391
burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place when materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition source.
charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
combustible textile, n—a textile that will ignite and burn or that will give off vapors that will ignite and burn when subjected to
external sources of ignition. (Compare flammable textile, noncombustible textile.)
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as glow
or flames.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013Feb. 15, 2016. Published January 2013March 2016. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20062013 as
ε1
D4391 – 93D4391 – 93a(2006)(2013) . DOI: 10.1520/D4391-93AR13E02.10.1520/D4391-16.
DISCUSSION—
Some oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radiation outside the visible spectrum.
critical sewn seams, n—in assembly of flame resistant textiles, those sewn junctions where failure would result in immediate
danger or injury.
dangerously flammable textile, n— not defined. This term is implied in the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles
(16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be inferred. (See also
flammable textile.)
embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
exposure energy to thermal end point, n—the thermal energy transferred through a specimen that is sufficient to cause ignition
of contiguous materials. [D13.92] D7140
fire, n—as related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as evidenced
by flames of varying size and shape, and a high intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning waste basket,
grease-fire on a stove, burning building or forest fire.
flame, n—as related to textile flammability, a hot luminous zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is undergoing
combustion, that is relatively constant in size and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux. (Compare fire.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4391 − 16
DISCUSSION—
Examples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen burner gas flame.
flame resistance, n—the property of a material whereby flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited following
application of a flaming or nonflaming source of ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition source.
DISCUSSION—
Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the basic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment. The degree of flame resistance
exhibited by
...
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