ASTM D4391-93A(2013)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
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Designation: D4391 − 93a(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology Relating to
The Burning Behavior of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. They
are published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography of
related literature is given in Appendix X1.
ε NOTE—The term “exposure energy to thermal end point” was added editorially in May 2013.
afterflame, n—persistent flaming of a material after the igni- Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be
tion source has been removed. [D13.92] D4391 inferred. (See also flammable textile.)
embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as the
after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a material
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
continues to flame after the ignition source has been
removed. [D13.92] D4391
exposure energy to thermal end point, n—thethermalenergy
transferred through a specimen that is sufficient to cause
afterglow, n—glow in material after the removal of an external
ignition of contiguous materials. [D13.92] D7140
ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of
flaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-
fire, n—as related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled
dering.)
conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as
evidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a high
afterglow time, n—the time afterglow continues after the
intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning
cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source.
waste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building or
[D13.92] D4391
forest fire.
burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place when
flame, n—as related to textile flammability, a hot luminous
materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition
zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is
source.
undergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in size
charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the
and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
(Compare fire.)
DISCUSSION—Examples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen
combustible textile, n—a textile that will ignite and burn or
burner gas flame.
that will give off vapors that will ignite and burn when
flame resistance, n—the property of a material whereby
subjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-
flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited
mable textile, noncombustible textile.)
following application of a flaming or nonflaming source of
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at
ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition
a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as
source.
glow or flames.
DISCUSSION—Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the
DISCUSSION—Some oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-
basic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.
tion outside the visible spectrum.
The degree of flame resistance exhibited by a specific material during
testing may vary with different test conditions.
dangerously flammable textile, n— not defined. This term is
flame resistant, adj—having flame resistance.
implied in the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing
DISCUSSION—“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-
Textiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics
tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-
mance standards or specifications when the product is tested by a
specific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-
1 tant” is a relative term and is used to compare one material to another.
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.
flame retardant, adj—not defined. This term should not be
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originally
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used as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4391 – 93(2006) .
DOI: 10.1520/D4391-93AR13E01. treated” and “flame-retardant treatment”.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4391 − 93a (2013)
flame retardant, n—a chemical used to impart flame resis- heat resistance, n—the extent to which a material retains
tance. useful properties as measured during exposure of the mate-
rial to a specified temperature and environment for a
flame-retardant-treated, adj—having received a flame-
specified time. (Compare heat durability.)
retardant treatment.
DISCUSSION—The term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply to
heat resistant, adj—having heat resistance.
textiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic properties
ignition, n—the initiation of combustion.
of the material or the fiber-forming polymer.
inherent flame-resistance, n—as applied to textiles, flame
flame-retardant t
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