ASTM D4449-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
Standard Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in some directions than in others. The directions associated with mirror (or specular) reflection normally have the highest reflectances. Gloss is best seen and analyzed when the surfaces studied are illuminated by a light source that provides strong contrasting patterns of light and dark. Such a light source is described in this test method.
The simplest concept of gloss is that it corresponds to the mirror-like reflectances of surfaces. However, the distributions and intensities of this surface-reflected light are (for real materials) highly variable and affected by a variety of factors: surface smoothness and contour, refractive index, absorptance, angle of incidence, and (to a generally small extent) wavelength. From the great variety of surface-reflection patterns met in materials of commerce, it has been possible to identify seven surface-reflection criteria or “types of gloss” regularly used by skilled technologists for intercomparing and rating their products for gloss. Six of the seven criteria, or “types of gloss,” are identified in the section on definitions. The seventh, luster or contrast gloss, is seldom of concern to the coatings industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the visual evaluation of gloss differences of coating surfaces, using special types of lamps for illumination. It identifies six aspects or types of gloss that one may look for when using the lamp to assess gloss differences between surfaces. It describes the conditions for using the lamps to best identify small differences in each of the six types of gloss. Four levels of visual gloss differences are distinguished.
1.2 While this technique is useful for both weathered and unweathered specimens, it has not been applied to metallics.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4449 −08
StandardTest Method for
Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of
1
Similar Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4449; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 directionality of surface, n—perceived change of
1.1 This test method covers the visual evaluation of gloss
glossyappearanceofasurfacewithrotationofthesurfaceinits
differencesofcoatingsurfaces,usingspecialtypesoflampsfor
own plane (see Fig. 1).
illumination. It identifies six aspects or types of gloss that one
3.2.2 gloss, distinctness-of-image, n—perceived sharpness
may look for when using the lamp to assess gloss differences
between surfaces. It describes the conditions for using the of images reflected by an object surface (see Fig. 2).
lamps to best identify small differences in each of the six types
3.2.3 gloss, of a surface, n—perceived directionally selec-
of gloss. Four levels of visual gloss differences are distin-
tive reflecting properties responsible for the degree to which
guished.
reflected highlights or images of objects may be seen as
superimposed on the surface.
1.2 While this technique is useful for both weathered and
unweathered specimens, it has not been applied to metallics.
3.2.4 reflection haze, n—cloudy or milky appearance of a
surfaceadjacenttodirectionsofspecularreflection(seeFig.3).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.2.5 sheen, n—perceived shininess at a near-grazing angle
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
of incidence for an otherwise matte specimen (difficult to
and are not considered standard.
photograph).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.6 specular gloss, n—the relative luminous reflectance
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
factor of a specimen in the specular direction. The luminous
responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and
reflectance factor is the ratio of the luminous flux reflected
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
from, to that incident on, a specimen for specified solid angles
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(see Fig. 4).
3.2.7 texture, n—perceived structure, pattern, or topography
2. Referenced Documents
or combination thereof, of a surface (see Fig. 5).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3964 Practice for Selection of Coating Specimens for
4. Summary of Test Method
Appearance Measurements
4.1 Test specimens are illuminated by special light sources
E284 Terminology of Appearance
that provide reflected images suitable for rating the gloss of
3. Terminology
coating surfaces. Two types of lamps may be used to produce
reflected images. Lamp A consists of a modified fluorescent
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
desk lamp covered with screen mesh. Lamp B consists of an
method, see Terminology E284.
incandescent bare filament bulb installed in an adjustable angle
fixture.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 on Visual
4.2 Light from the selected lamp illuminates the test speci-
Methods.
mens.The reflected images reveal specular gloss reflection; the
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
sharpness of the images of the screen or lamp filament reveals
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4449 – 90 (2004).
DOI: 10.1520/D4449-08.
the detail and quality of the surface reflection (distinctness of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
image); and spreading of the reflected light into dark areas,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
suchasthespacebetweenfluorescenttubesornearthefilament
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. image, reveals the presence of near-specular haze.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4449−08
NOTE 1—The left panel is free of directionality. The right panel is highly directional because of buffing marks.
FIG. 1Reflection of Bright Incandescent Lamp in Two Panels
NOTE 1—The panels exhibit a difference in distinctness-of-reflected image.
FIG. 2Two White Porcelain Enamel Panels
2
-------------------
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4449–90(Reapproved2004) Designation: D 4449 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of
1
Similar Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4449; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the visual evaluation of gloss differences of coating surfaces, using special types of lamps for
illumination. It identifies six aspects or types of gloss that one may look for when using the lamp to assess gloss differences
between surfaces. It describes the conditions for using the lamps to best identify small differences in each of the six types of gloss.
Four levels of visual gloss differences are distinguished.
1.2 While this technique is useful for both weathered and unweathered specimens, it has not been applied to metallics.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 3964 Practice for Selection of Coating Specimens for Appearance Measurements
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this method, see Terminology E 284.
3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 directionality of surface, n—perceived change of glossy appearance of a surface with rotation of the surface in its own
plane (see Fig. 1).
3.2.2 gloss, distinctness-of-image, n—perceived sharpness of images reflected by an object surface (see Fig. 2).
3.2.3 gloss, of a surface, n—perceived directionally selective reflecting properties responsible for the degree to which reflected
highlights or images of objects may be seen as superimposed on the surface.
3.2.4 reflection haze, n—cloudy or milky appearance of a surface adjacent to directions of specular reflection (see Fig. 3).
3.2.5 sheen, n—perceived shininess at a near-grazing angle of incidence for an otherwise matte specimen (difficult to
photograph).
3.2.6 specular gloss, n—the relative luminous reflectance factor of a specimen in the specular direction. The luminous
reflectance factor is the ratio of the luminous flux reflected from, to that incident on, a specimen for specified solid angles (see Fig.
4).
3.2.7 texture, n—perceived structure, pattern, or topography or combination thereof, of a surface (see Fig. 5).
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Test specimens are illuminated by special light sources that provide reflected images suitable for rating the gloss of coating
surfaces. Two types of lamps may be used to produce reflected images. Lamp A consists of a modified fluorescent desk lamp
covered with screen mesh. Lamp B consists of an incandescent bare filament bulb installed in an adjustable angle fixture.
4.2 Light from the selected lamp illuminates the test specimens. The reflected images reveal specular gloss reflection; the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 onVisual Methods.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2004.2008. Published November 2004.December 2008. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 19992004
as D4449–90(1999). D 4449 – 90 (2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4449–08
NOTE 1—The left panel is free of directionality. The right panel is highly directional because of buffing mar
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4449–90(Reapproved2004) Designation: D 4449 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of
1
Similar Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4449; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the visual evaluation of gloss differences of coating surfaces, using special types of lamps for
illumination. It identifies six aspects or types of gloss that one may look for when using the lamp to assess gloss differences
between surfaces. It describes the conditions for using the lamps to best identify small differences in each of the six types of gloss.
Four levels of visual gloss differences are distinguished.
1.2 While this technique is useful for both weathered and unweathered specimens, it has not been applied to metallics.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 3964 Practice for Selection of Coating Specimens for Appearance Measurements
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this method, see Terminology E 284.
3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 directionality of surface, n—perceived change of glossy appearance of a surface with rotation of the surface in its own
plane (see Fig. 1).
3.2.2 gloss, distinctness-of-image, n—perceived sharpness of images reflected by an object surface (see Fig. 2).
3.2.3 gloss, of a surface, n—perceived directionally selective reflecting properties responsible for the degree to which reflected
highlights or images of objects may be seen as superimposed on the surface.
3.2.4 reflection haze, n—cloudy or milky appearance of a surface adjacent to directions of specular reflection (see Fig. 3).
3.2.5 sheen, n—perceived shininess at a near-grazing angle of incidence for an otherwise matte specimen (difficult to
photograph).
3.2.6 specular gloss, n—the relative luminous reflectance factor of a specimen in the specular direction. The luminous
reflectance factor is the ratio of the luminous flux reflected from, to that incident on, a specimen for specified solid angles (see Fig.
4).
3.2.7 texture, n—perceived structure, pattern, or topography or combination thereof, of a surface (see Fig. 5).
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Test specimens are illuminated by special light sources that provide reflected images suitable for rating the gloss of coating
surfaces. Two types of lamps may be used to produce reflected images. Lamp A consists of a modified fluorescent desk lamp
covered with screen mesh. Lamp B consists of an incandescent bare filament bulb installed in an adjustable angle fixture.
4.2 Light from the selected lamp illuminates the test specimens. The reflected images reveal specular gloss reflection; the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 onVisual Methods.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2004.2008. Published November 2004.December 2008. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 19992004
as D4449–90(1999). D 4449 – 90 (2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4449–08
NOTE 1—The left panel is free of directionality. The right panel is highly directional because of buffing mar
...
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