iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E2851/E2851M-13

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT Instrumentation

Standard Specification for Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT Instrumentation

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the ruggedness requirements for equipment used in Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) instrumentation, including devices used to detect or monitor for hazardous material. It defines for design and test purposes the environment in which HAZMAT equipment will likely be exposed during storage, transport, and field use. Passive personal protective equipment such as respirators and protective suits are not covered. The specification addresses materials and manufacture, physical and mechanical properties, performance and environmental requirements, dimensions, mass and permissible variations, workmanship, and finish and appearance. Definitions of terms specific to this standard are provided, including body-worn, hand-carried, mobile, portable, and transportable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes the ruggedness requirements for equipment used during Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) operations. The conditions defined by this specification include those related to equipment storage, transport, and field use.  
1.2 This specification does not address passive personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators and protective suits.  
1.3 The equipment addressed by this specification includes devices used to detect or monitor for hazardous material.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. When using a HAZMAT instrument, follow the manufacturer’s guidance and appropriate safety practices for the threat expected or suspected in the environment where the instrument will be used.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2013
ICS
13.300 - Protection against dangerous goods
Technical Committee
E54 - Homeland Security Applications
Drafting Committee
E54.01 - CBRNE Detection and CBRN Protection
Current Stage
Ref Project

Buy Standard

ASTM E2851/E2851M-13 - Standard Specification for Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT InstrumentationASTM E2851/E2851M-13 - Standard Specification for Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT Instrumentation
PreviousNext
Technical specification
ASTM E2851/E2851M-13 - Standard Specification for Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT Instrumentation
English language
5 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2851/E2851M −13
Standard Specification for
1
Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT Instrumentation
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2851/E2851M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope N42.33 American National Standard for Portable Radiation
Detection Instrument for Homeland Security
1.1 This specification describes the ruggedness require-
N42.34 American National Standard for Performance Crite-
ments for equipment used during Hazardous Material
ria for Hand-Held Instruments for the Detection and
(HAZMAT) operations. The conditions defined by this speci-
Identification of Radionuclides
fication include those related to equipment storage, transport,
N42.35 American National Standard for Evaluation and
and field use.
Performance of Radiation Detection Portal Monitors for
1.2 This specification does not address passive personal
Use in Homeland Security
protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators and protective 4
2.3 IEC Standards:
suits.
IEC 60068-1 Environmental Testing—Part 1: General and
1.3 The equipment addressed by this specification includes Guidance
IEC 60068-2-18 Environmental Testing—Part 2-18: Tests—
devices used to detect or monitor for hazardous material.
Test R and Guidance: Water
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
IEC 60068-2-75 Environmental Testing—Part 2-75: Tests—
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Tests Eh: Hammer Tests.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
IEC 60529 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
(International Protection Rating or IP Code)
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
IEC61000-4-1 ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)—Part
with the standard.
4-1: Testing and Measurement Techniques—Overview of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
IEC 61000-4 Series
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
IEC61000-4-2 ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)—Part
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4-2: Testing and Measurement Techniques—Electrostatic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Discharge Immunity Test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. When using a
IEC61000-4-3 ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)—Part
HAZMAT instrument, follow the manufacturer’s guidance and
4-3: Testing and Measurement Techniques—Radiated,
appropriate safety practices for the threat expected or sus-
Radio-Frequency, Electromagnetic Field Immunity Test
pected in the environment where the instrument will be used. 5
2.4 Underwriters Laboratories:
UL 2075 Gas and Vapor Detectors and Sensors
2. Referenced Documents
6
2.5 Federal Standard:
2
2.1 NFPA Standard:
MIL-Standard 810 Department of Defense Test Method
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1994, 2007
Standard for Environmental Engineering Considerations
Edition Cold Temperature: -25°C (-13°F)
and Laboratory Tests
3
7
2.2 ANSI Standards:
2.6 Code of Federal Regulations:
NA42.32 American National Standard Performance Criteria
CFR Telecommunications Chapter 1, Rule 15 Unintentional
for Alarming Personal Radiation Detectors for Homeland
Radiators
Security
4
Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3, rue de
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on Varembé, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iec.ch.
5
Homeland Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,
E54.01 on CBRNE Sensors and Detectors. WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
6
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
E2851_E2851M-13. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
2
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch www.dodssp.daps.mil.
7
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org. AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
3
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 732 N. Capitol st., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2851/E2851M−13
3. Terminology 6.2 HAZMAT instrumen
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E2851/E2851M-13(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT Instrumentation

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the ruggedness requirements for equipment used in Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) instrumentation, including devices used to detect or monitor for hazardous material. It defines for design and test purposes the environment in which HAZMAT equipment will likely be exposed during storage, transport, and field use. Passive personal protective equipment such as respirators and protective suits are not covered. The specification addresses materials and manufacture, physical and mechanical properties, performance and environmental requirements, dimensions, mass and permissible variations, workmanship, and finish and appearance. Definitions of terms specific to this standard are provided, including body-worn, hand-carried, mobile, portable, and transportable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes the ruggedness requirements for equipment used during Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) operations. The conditions defined by this specification include those related to equipment storage, transport, and field use.  
1.2 This specification does not address passive personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators and protective suits.  
1.3 The equipment addressed by this specification includes devices used to detect or monitor for hazardous material.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. When using a HAZMAT instrument, follow the manufacturer’s guidance and appropriate safety practices for the threat expected or suspected in the environment where the instrument will be used.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3131-17(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nucleic Acid-Based Systems for Bacterial Pathogen Screening of Suspicious Visible Powders

ABSTRACT
This specification prescribes a statistically based testing approach for evaluating the performance of nucleic acid-based detection systems used in bacterial pathogen screening of suspicious visible powders. Nucleic acid-based detection systems are used to detect, identify, or quantify, or combinations thereof, biological hazards to support short-term tactical decision making to protect responders and the public. The system is intended to provide low false-positive and false-negative rates. Uses of these systems include survey, surveillance, and screening of samples, particularly during a response to a suspected biological agent incident.
This specification provides a common set of parameters that system designers, manufacturers, integrators, procurement personnel, end users/practitioners, and responsible authorities may use to match the capabilities of biological assessment tools with user needs. The testing approach ties performance of the system to a specified lower confidence bound (LCB) on the probability of detection (POD) at a known confidence level (CL). Testing shall be conducted to one of two performance levels: (1) ≥95 % POD with 95% CL, or (2) ≥90 % POD with 90% CL. Four testing modules shall be used to evaluate system performance: biological agent nucleic acid inclusivity testing; biological agent nucleic acid exclusivity testing; suspicious powder testing; and whole organism biological agent spiked suspicious powder testing. The specification also describes three different testing tiers that shall test the full panel of suspicious powders and the whole representative biological agent spiked into powders.
SCOPE
1.1 General:  
1.1.1 This specification provides system designers, manufacturers, integrators, procurement personnel, end users/practitioners, and responsible authorities a common set of parameters to match the capabilities of biological assessment tools with user needs.  
1.1.2 This specification is not meant to provide for all uses. Manufacturers, purchasers, and end users will need to determine specific requirements including, but not limited to, use by hazardous material (HAZMAT) teams and Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) teams, use in explosive or other hazardous environments or atmospheres, use with personal protective equipment (PPE), use by firefighters or law enforcement officers or both, special electromagnetic compatibility needs, extended storage periods, and extended mission time. These specific requirements may or may not be generally applicable to all nucleic acid-based detection systems.  
1.2 Operational Concepts—Nucleic acid-based detection systems are used to detect, identify, or quantify, or combinations thereof, biological hazards to support short-term tactical decision making to protect responders and the public. The system should provide low false-positive and false-negative rates. Uses of these systems include survey, surveillance, and screening of samples, particularly during a response to a suspected biological agent incident. A field-deployable system should withstand the rigors associated with uses including, but not limited to, high- and low-temperatures and storage conditions, shock and vibration, radio frequency interference, and rapid changes in operating temperature and humidity. Note that this specification does not address testing the potential impact of the rigors associated with use of systems in the field.  
1.3 Nucleic Acid-Based System Detection Capabilities—Manufacturers or independent third-party testing entities shall document and verify, through testing, the capabilities of the system.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Liquid concentrations of the biohazard materials are presented in number of biological agents or genome equivalents per volume for pathogens such as bacteria and spores (biological agents/mL, genome equivalents/mL (GE...

  • Technical specification
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3095-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Surrogate Materials for Field Evaluation of Nucleic Acid-Based On-Site Biological Assessment Technologies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidance on how a surrogate material can be selected and inserted into a field workflow for confidence checks and process assessments of on-site biological assessment technologies to demonstrate that the technology is working in the field environment in the hands of operators.  
4.2 Use of a surrogate material instead of an inactivated or attenuated biological agent (or its components) is beneficial due to (1) ease of production and handling, (2) ease of acquisition and transportation, (3) the ability to use the material with minimal equipment and facility constraints, for example, biosafety containment, and (4) minimized risk of contamination of personnel, equipment and the environment with a potential biological agent.  
4.3 This guide covers the basic design of confidence checks and process assessments that may be used to target (1) the workflow in the field, (2) the performance of the on-site biological assessment technology, and (3) the operator’s ability to process a material in the field workflow, in order to increase confidence in each component. These demonstrations provide emergency responders with insight into routine operation of a nucleic acid-based biological assessment technology and the opportunity to assess and demonstrate their capabilities according to a defined training program in their jurisdiction.  
4.4 This guide may be used to aid operators in the routine use of any nucleic acid-based on-site biological assessment technology. Using a surrogate material, operators are able to gain confidence in their ability to perform operations in the workflow and gather routine information (for example, operator performance, assessment results over time) in the field.  
4.5 This guide should be used in accordance with Practices E2458 and Guide E2770.  
4.6 This guide should be used according to the appropriate risk reduction measures (including personal protective equipment) that are needed for the biosafety level of the surrog...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes factors to consider when developing, selecting, and using a surrogate material for evaluating the operational performance of nucleic acid-based on-site biological assessment technologies. Operational performance includes the workflow, technology, operator, controls, and result reporting.  
1.2 Users of this guide include developers and manufacturers of on-site biological assessment technologies or surrogate materials, as well as the initial responder community and other operators of the technologies.  
1.3 This guide recommends the use of surrogate materials to support training; improve the knowledge, skills, and confidence of operators; and enable confidence check and process assessment demonstrations in support of jurisdictional biothreat mission capabilities as recommended in Guide E2770, Section 8.  
1.4 This guide recommends the use of surrogate materials in combination with a training program as articulated in Guide E2770 and coordinated among the initial responder organization, hazardous materials response unit, Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) team, National Guard Civil Support Team (CST), Laboratory Response Network (LRN) reference laboratory, local law enforcement, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and other agencies as defined by jurisdictional protocols.  
1.5 This guide recommends the selection of a surrogate material that challenges the workflow in a way similar to the challenge imposed by suspected biological agents encountered in real-world emergency response scenarios while posing minimal health and safety risks.  
1.6 This guide describes considerations when using a surrogate material for a confidence check of nucleic acid-based on-site biological assessment technologies.  
1.7 This guide describes factors involved in the use of a surrogate material to perform a process assessment when the operator has access to well-characterized nucleic acid-based assays specific ...

  • Guide
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2458-17(Practice)
Standard Practices for Bulk Sample Collection and Swab Sample Collection of Visible Powders Suspected of Being Biological Agents and Toxins from Nonporous Surfaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices should be used only to collect visible samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins and have been field screened as defined by the FBI-DHS-HHS/CDC Coordinated Document for explosive hazard, radiological hazard, and other acute chemical hazards.  
4.2 These practices provide standardized methods for collecting, packaging, and transporting suspicious visible powder samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins. Collection of a bulk powder material from a nonporous surface using a sterile swab and laminated card as the collection devices to move the material into a container will depend on several factors, including (but not limited to): (1) amount of visible powder present; (2) sample composition; (3) choice of collection device; (4) size and shape of the collection container; (5) ability of the powder to become aerosolized; (6) texture and porosity of the surface;  (7) humidity; (8) air movement; and (9) electrostatic properties of powders and collection tools/containers.  
4.3 Similarly, these practices standardize methods for sampling suspicious visible powders for on-site analysis, although wipe and swab sampling is often employed in the field for subsequent LRN reference laboratory analysis. The ability to collect suitable samples from nonporous surfaces using a sterile moistened swab will depend on the following factors: (1) swabbing procedure;  (2) swab material; (3) sample composition; and (4) texture of the surface.  
4.4 These practices standardize suspicious powder collection and packaging procedures and swab sampling procedures in order to reduce exposure risk, to reduce variability associated with sample handling and sample analysis, and to increase reliability of sampling visible powder samples from nonporous surfaces.  
4.5 The bulk sample collection practice and the swab sampling practice are recommended for collecting amassed or dispersed powder samples from all nonporous surfaces on which the suspicious po...
SCOPE
1.1 These practices address collection of visible powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces using a bulk collection method, using a dry swab and laminated card, followed by a swab sampling method using a sterile moistened swab. Bulk powder samples are collected and packaged in a manner that permits the maximum amount of the sample to be safely transported to a reference laboratory within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national Laboratory Response Network (LRN)2 for confirmatory identification and safe storage. If the source of the powder is a letter or small package, that item is also packaged in a manner that permits it to be safely transported to an LRN reference laboratory. A sterile moistened swab may be used to collect residual powder from the nonporous surface and may be used to conduct on-site biological assessments for the purpose of testing for biological agents and toxins.  
1.2 These practices are performed in coordination with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of a risk assessment including hazard assessment and threat credibility evaluation as recommended and clarified in Guide E2770. The decision to implement these practices and collect a public safety sample will be made by members of the response community of the jurisdiction assuming responsibility through coordination with the FBI and the receiving LRN reference laboratory.  
1.3 Sample Collection Method A covers the bulk collection and packaging of suspicious visible powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces. All samples suspected to be biological agents and toxins on nonporous surfaces should be collected according to Sample Collection Method A and sent to an LRN reference laboratory for confirmatory testing.  
1.4 Sample Collection Method B covers swab sampling of residual suspicious powders that are suspected biological ag...

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2770-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Operational Guidelines for Initial Response to Suspected Biological Agents and Toxins

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Community knowledge and experience related to emergency response to threats with a biological agent or toxin at the Federal, State, tribal, and local levels has been translated into a standard guide to assist responder agencies’ progress toward the goal of building operational guidelines for the sample collection and response to a potential biological agent or toxin. The guide is intended to enhance the ability, knowledge, and communication between emergency response team representatives, including fire department, HAZMAT, local law enforcement, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and public health personnel as well as other responders that are responsible for responding to a threat incident involving a biological agent or toxin, or both.  
5.2 This guide supports, and should be utilized as an accompaniment to standard sample collection methods (for example, Practices E2458). Standard guidance insures reduced exposure risk, minimizes on-site sample consumption for preservation of public health samples and forensic samples, reduces variability associated with sample handling, and analysis, and increases the reliability of the sampling procedure when collecting a sample of suspect biological agents and toxins.  
5.3 Development of this standard was at the request and with considerable contributions from the public health and first responder communities in the United States to facilitate collection and evaluation of potential biological agents and toxins in the field.  
5.4 This guide should be incorporated as a reference in Emergency Operation Centers (EOCs), emergency operations plans (EOPs) and Multiagency Coordination Systems (MACS) to assist in policy formation and development of strategic objectives consistent with the needs of the Incident Commander (IC).  
5.5 Documents developed from this standard guide should be referenced and revised as necessary and reviewed on a two-year cycle (at a minimum). The review shall consider new and updated requirements and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides considerations for decision-makers when responding to incidents that may involve biological agents and toxins. This guide provides information and guidance for inclusion in response planning, on activities to conduct during an initial response to an incident involving suspected biological agents or toxins, or both.  
1.2 This guide delineates fundamental requirements for developing a sampling and screening capability for biological agents or toxins, or both, within a jurisdiction, practice, or operational area to assure proper involvement, communication, and coordination of all relevant agencies.  
1.3 This guide applies to emergency response agencies that have a role in the initial response to unknown threats that are suspected biological agents and toxins. This guide is designed for but not limited to emergency response services such as law enforcement, fire departments, hazardous materials, public health, and emergency management.  
1.4 This guide assumes implementation begins well before the recognition of an event with a suspected biological agent or toxin, or both, and ends when emergency response actions cease or the response is assumed by federal response teams.  
1.5 This guide utilizes risk-based response architecture and the guidance as described in the National Response Framework and is intended to be coupled with the authority having jurisdiction's (AHJs) understanding of local vulnerabilities and capabilities when developing its plans and guidance documents on response to incidents involving a suspected biological agent or toxin, or both.  
1.6 This guide is compliant with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and uses Incident Command System (ICS) common terminology. Full compliance with NIMS is recognized as an essential part of emergency response planning. In developing this standard, every effort was made to ensure that all communications between organizational elem...

  • Guide
    20 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    20 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8134-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Internal Hydrostatic Pressure Tests on United Nations (UN) IBC Design Types

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dangerous goods (hazardous materials) regulations require performance tests to be conducted on packaging or IBC designs before being authorized for use. The regulations do not include standardized procedures for conducting performance tests and, because of this, may result in a non-uniform approach and differences in test results between testing facilities.  
4.2 The purpose of this standard is to provide guidance and to establish a set of common practices for conducting hydrostatic pressure tests on IBC designs subjected to UN certification testing.  
4.3 Intermediate bulk container designs are required to be tested in a sequence. This guide focuses on conducting the hydrostatic pressure test, which is preceded in the test sequence by the leakproofness test. The fittings and adaptors applied to the container for the hydrostatic pressure test may also be used for the leakproofness test.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for performing hydrostatic pressure testing on Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) designs as required by the United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).  
1.2 This guide focuses on composite and rigid plastic IBCs and is suitable for testing IBCs of any design or material type.  
1.3 This guide provides information to help clarify various terms used as part of the United Nations (UN) certification process that may assist in determining the applicable test.  
1.4 This guide provides the suggested minimum information that should be documented when conducting pressure testing.  
1.5 This guide provides information for recommended equipment and fittings for conducting pressure tests.  
1.6 This guide is based on the current information contained in 49 CFR 178.814.  
1.7 When testing packaging designs intended for hazardous materials (dangerous goods), the user of this guide shall be trained in accordance with 49 CFR 172.700 and other applicable hazardous materials regulations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations.  
1.8 Units—”The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E681-09(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The LFL and UFL of gases and vapors define the range of flammable concentrations in air.  
5.2 This method measures the LFL and UFL for upward (and partially outward) flame propagation. The limits for downward flame propagation are narrower.  
5.3 Limits of flammability may be used to determine guidelines for the safe handling of volatile chemicals. They are used particularly in assessing ventilation requirements for the handling of gases and vapors. NFPA 69 provides guidance for the practical use of flammability limit data, including the appropriate safety margins to use.  
5.4 As discussed in Brandes and Ural,4 there is a fundamental difference between the ASTM and European methods for flammability determination. The ASTM methods aim to produce the best representation of flammability parameters, and rely upon the safety margins imposed by the application standards, such as NFPA 69. On the other hand, European test methods aim to result in a conservative representation of flammability parameters. For example, in this standard, LFL is the calculated average of the lowest go and highest no-go concentrations while the European test methods report the LFL as the minimum of the five highest no-go concentrations.
Note 2: For hydrocarbons, the break point between nonflammability and flammability occurs over a narrow concentration range at the lower flammability limit, but the break point is less distinct at the upper limit. For materials found to be non-reproducible per 13.1.1 that are likely to have large quenching distances and may be difficult to ignite, such as ammonia and certain halogenated hydrocarbon, the lower and upper limits of these materials may both be less distinct. That is, a wider range exists between flammable and nonflammable concentrations (see Annex A1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the lower and upper concentration limits of flammability of chemicals having sufficient vapor pressure to form flammable mixtures in air at atmospheric pressure at the test temperature. This test method may be used to determine these limits in the presence of inert dilution gases. No oxidant stronger than air should be used.  
Note 1: The lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) are sometimes referred to as the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL), respectively. However, since the terms LEL and UEL are also used to denote concentrations other than the limits defined in this test method, one must examine the definitions closely when LEL and UEL values are reported or used.  
1.2 This test method is based on electrical ignition and visual observations of flame propagation. Users may experience problems if the flames are difficult to observe (for example, irregular propagation or insufficient luminescence in the visible spectrum), if the test material requires large ignition energy, or if the material has large quenching distances.  
1.3 Annex A1 provides a modified test method for materials (such as certain amines, halogenated materials, and the like) with large quenching distances which may be difficult to ignite.  
1.4 In other situations where strong ignition sources (such as direct flame ignition) is considered credible, the use of a test method employing higher energy ignition source in a sufficiently large pressure chamber (analogous, for example, to the methods in Test Method E2079 for measuring limiting oxygen concentration) may be more appropriate. In this case, expert advice may be necessary.  
1.5 The flammability limits depend on the test temperature and pressure. This test method is limited to an initial pressure of the local ambient or less, with a practical lower pressure limit of approximately 13 kPa (100 mm Hg). The maximum practical operating temperature of this equipment is approximately 150 °C.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measuremen...

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1382-97(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the mean grain size, and the distribution of grain intercept lengths or grain areas, for polycrystalline metals and nonmetallic materials with equiaxed or deformed grain shapes, with uniform or duplex grain size distributions, and for single phase or multiphase grain structures.  
5.2 The measurements are performed using semiautomatic digitizing tablet image analyzers or automatic image analyzers. These devices relieve much of the tedium associated with manual measurements, thus permitting collection of a larger amount of data and more extensive sampling which will produce better statistical definition of the grain size than by manual methods.  
5.3 The precision and relative accuracy of the test results depend on the representativeness of the specimen or specimens, quality of specimen preparation, clarity of the grain boundaries (etch technique and etchant used), the number of grains measured or the measurement area, errors in detecting grain boundaries or grain interiors, errors due to detecting other features (carbides, inclusions, twin boundaries, and so forth), the representativeness of the fields measured, and programming errors.  
5.4 Results from these test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer, to compare different manufacturing processes or process variations, or to provide data for structure-property-behavior studies.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to determine grain size from measurements of grain intercept lengths, intercept counts, intersection counts, grain boundary length, and grain areas.  
1.2 These measurements are made with a semiautomatic digitizing tablet or by automatic image analysis using an image of the grain structure produced by a microscope.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to any type of grain structure or grain size distribution as long as the grain boundaries can be clearly delineated by etching and subsequent image processing, if necessary.  
1.4 These test methods are applicable to measurement of other grain-like microstructures, such as cell structures.  
1.5 This standard deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability or fitness for purpose of the materials tested.  
1.6 The sections appear in the following order:    
Section  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Definitions  
3.1  
Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard  
3.2  
Symbols  
3.3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Interferences  
6  
Apparatus  
7  
Sampling  
8  
Test Specimens  
9  
Specimen Preparation  
10  
Calibration  
11  
Procedure:  
Semiautomatic Digitizing Tablet  
12  
Intercept Lengths  
12.3  
Intercept and Intersection Counts  
12.4  
Grain Counts  
12.5  
Grain Areas  
12.6  
ALA Grain Size  
12.6.1  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
12.7  
Procedure:  
Automatic Image Analysis  
13  
Grain Boundary Length  
13.5  
Intersection Counts  
13.6  
Mean Chord (Intercept) Length/Field  
13.7.2  
Individual Chord (Intercept) Lengths  
13.7.4  
Grain Counts  
13.8  
Mean Grain Area/Field  
13.9  
Individual Grain Areas  
13.9.4  
ALA Grain Size  
13.9.8  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
13.10  
Calculation of Results  
14  
Test Report  
15  
Precision and Bias  
16  
Grain Size of Non-Equiaxed Grain Structure Specimens  
Annex A1  
Examples of Proper and Improper Grain Boundary Delineation  
Annex A2  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental pra...

  • Standard
    24 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G125-00(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Liquid and Solid Material Fire Limits in Gaseous Oxidants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for measuring of the minimum conditions of a range of parameters (concentration of oxidant in a flowing mixture of oxidant and diluent, pressure, temperature) that will just support sustained propagation of combustion. For materials that exhibit flaming combustion, this is a flammability limit similar to the lower flammability limit, upper flammability limit, and minimum oxidant for combustion of gases (1).4 However, unlike flammability limits for gases, in two-phase systems, the concept of upper and lower flame limits is not meaningful. However, limits can typically be determined for variations in other parameters such as the minimum oxidant for combustion (the oxidant index), the pressure limit, the temperature limit, and others. Measurement and use of these data are analogous to the measurement and use of the corresponding data for gaseous systems. That is, the limits apply to systems likely to experience complete propagations (equilibrium combustion). Successful ignition and combustion below the measured limits at other conditions or of a transient nature are not precluded below the threshold. Flammability limits measured at one set of conditions are not necessarily the lowest thresholds at which combustion can occur. Therefore direct correlation of these data with the burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the threshold-limit conditions to allow equilibrium of combustion of materials in various oxidant gases under specific test conditions of pressure, temperature, flow condition, fire-propagation directions, and various other geometrical features of common systems.  
1.2 This test method is patterned after Test Method D2863-95 and incorporates its procedure for measuring the limit as a function of oxidant concentration for the most commonly used test conditions. Sections 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and  for the basic oxidant limit (oxygen index) procedure are quoted directly from Test Method D2863-95. Oxygen index data reported in accordance with Test Method D2863-95 are acceptable substitutes for data collected with this standard under similar conditions.  
1.3 This test method has been found applicable to testing and ranking various forms of materials. It has also found limited usefulness for surmising the prospect that materials will prove “oxygen compatible” in actual systems. However, its results do not necessarily apply to any condition that does not faithfully reproduce the conditions during test. The fire limit is a measurement of a behavioral property and not a physical property. Uses of these data are addressed in Guides G63 and G94.  
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing a range of materials in a range of oxidants with a range of diluents, the accuracy has not been determined for many of these combinations and conditions of specimen geometry, outside those of the basic procedure as applied to plastics.
Note 2: Test Method D2863-95 has been revised and the revised Test Method has been issued as D2863-97. The major changes involve sample dimensions, burning criteria and the method for determining the oxygen index. The aim of the revisions was to align Test Method D2863 with ISO 4589-2. Six laboratories conducted comparison round robin testing on self-supporting plastics and cellular materials using D2863-95 and D2863-97. The results indicate that there is no difference between the means provided y the two methods at the 95 % confidence level. No comparison tests were conducted on thin films. The majority of ASTM Committee G4 favors maintaining the D2863-95 as the backbone of G125 until comprehensive comparison data become available.  
1.4 One very specific set of test conditions for measuring the fire limits of metals in oxygen has been codified in Test Method G124. Test Method G124 measures the minimum pressure limit in oxygen fo...

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1191-03A(2023)e1(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Protection of a species requires prevention of unacceptable effects on the number, weight, health, and uses of the individuals of that species. A life-cycle toxicity test is conducted to determine what changes in the numbers and weights of individuals of the test species result from effects of the test material on survival, growth, and reproduction. Information might also be obtained on effects of the material on the health and uses of the species.  
5.2 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be used to predict long-term effects likely to occur on mysids in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions.  
5.3 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be used to compare the chronic sensitivities of different species and the chronic toxicities of different materials, and also to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.  
5.4 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be an important consideration when assessing the hazards of materials to aquatic organisms (see Guide E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for aquatic organisms (1).4  
5.5 Results of a life-cycle test with mysids might be useful for predicting the results of chronic tests on the same test material with the same species in another water or with another species in the same or a different water (2). Most such predictions take into account results of acute toxicity tests, and so the usefulness of the results from a life-cycle test with mysids is greatly increased by also reporting the results of an acute toxicity test (see Guide E729) conducted under the same conditions.  
5.6 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials.  
5.7 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be useful for predicting population effects on the same species in another water or with another species in the same or a different...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to dilution water, but not to food, on certain species of saltwater mysids during continuous exposure from immediately after birth until after the beginning of reproduction using the flow-through technique. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with other species of mysids, although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information on new concepts and procedures for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with saltwater mysids.  
1.3 These procedures are applicable to all chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures, that can be measured accurately at the necessary concentrations in water. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters.  
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Guide  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Hazards  
7  
Apparatus  
6  
Facilities  
6.1  
Construction Materials  
6.2  
Metering System  
6.3  
Test Chambers  
6.4  
Cleaning  
6.5  
Acceptability  
6.6  
Dilution Water  
8  
Requirements  
8.1  
Source  
8.2  
Treatment  
8.3  
Characterizat...

  • Guide
    17 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off