ASTM D5753-95e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging (Withdrawn 2005)
Standard Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging (Withdrawn 2005)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the documentation and general procedures necessary to plan and conduct a geophysical log program as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, ground-water, and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) investigations. It is not intended to describe the specific or standard procedures for running each type of geophysical log and is limited to measurements in a single borehole. It is anticipated that standard guides will be developed for specific methods subsequent to this guide.
1.2 Surface or shallow-depth nuclear gages for measuring water content or soil density (that is, those typically thought of as construction quality assurance devices), measurements while drilling (MWD), cone penetrometer tests, and logging for petroleum or minerals are excluded.
1.3 Borehole geophysical techniques yield direct and indirect measurements with depth of the ( ) physical and chemical properties of the rock matrix and fluid around the borehole, ( ) fluid contained in the borehole, and ( ) construction of the borehole.
1.4 To obtain detailed information on operating methods, publications (for example, 2, 5, 7, 18, 24, 29, 34, 35, and 36) should be consulted. A limited amount of tutorial information is provided, but other publications listed herein, including a glossary of terms and general texts on the subject, should be consulted for more complete background information.
1.5 This guide provides an overview of the following: ( ) the uses of single borehole geophysical methods, ( ) general logging procedures, ( ) documentation, ( ) calibration, and ( ) factors that can affect the quality of borehole geophysical logs and their subsequent interpretation. Log interpretation is very important, but specific methods are too diverse to be described in this guide.
1.6 Logging procedures must be adapted to meet the needs of a wide range of applications and stated in general terms so that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety and liability concerns, if any, (for example, lost or lodged probes and radioactive sources ) associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers the documentation and general procedures necessary to plan and conduct a geophysical log program as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, ground-water, and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) investigations. It is not intended to describe the specific or standard procedures for running each type of geophysical log and is limited to measurements in a single borehole. It is anticipated that standard guides will be developed for specific methods subsequent to this guide.
Formerly under the jurisdicion of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this guide was withdrawn in December 2003.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation:D5753–95
Standard Guide for
Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5753; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Paragraph 1.8 was added editorially in October 1998.
1. Scope 1.6 Logging procedures must be adapted to meet the needs
of a wide range of applications and stated in general terms so
1.1 This guide covers the documentation and general pro-
that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed.
cedures necessary to plan and conduct a geophysical log
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
program as commonly applied to geologic, engineering,
safety and liability concerns, if any, (for example, lost or
ground-water, and environmental (hereafter referred to as
lodged probes and radioactive sources ) associated with its
geotechnical) investigations. It is not intended to describe the
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
specific or standard procedures for running each type of
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
geophysical log and is limited to measurements in a single
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
borehole. It is anticipated that standard guides will be devel-
1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information
oped for specific methods subsequent to this guide.
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
1.2 Surface or shallow-depth nuclear gages for measuring
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
water content or soil density (that is, those typically thought of
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
as construction quality assurance devices), measurements
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
while drilling (MWD), cone penetrometer tests, and logging
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
for petroleum or minerals are excluded.
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
1.3 Borehole geophysical techniques yield direct and indi-
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
rect measurements with depth of the (1) physical and chemical
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
properties of the rock matrix and fluid around the borehole, (2)
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
fluid contained in the borehole, and (3) construction of the
document means only that the document has been approved
borehole.
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 To obtain detailed information on operating methods,
publications (for example, 2, 5, 7, 18, 24, 29, 34, 35, and 36)
2. Referenced Documents
should be consulted. A limited amount of tutorial information
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is provided, but other publications listed herein, including a
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
glossary of terms and general texts on the subject, should be
Fluids
consulted for more complete background information.
D 5088 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-
1.5 This guide provides an overview of the following: (1)
ment Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
the uses of single borehole geophysical methods, (2) general
D 5608 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-
logging procedures, (3) documentation, (4) calibration, and (5)
ment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
factors that can affect the quality of borehole geophysical logs
and their subsequent interpretation. Log interpretation is very
3. Terminology
important, but specific methods are too diverse to be described
3.1 Definitions—Definitions shall be in accordance with
in this guide.
Terminology D 653.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and The use of radioactive materials required for some log measurements is
Subsurface Characteristics. regulatedbyfederal,state,andlocalagencies.Specificrequirementsandrestrictions
Current edition approved July 15, 1995. Published October 1995. must be addressed prior to their use.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
this standard. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
D5753–95
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Descrip- 6.1.2 Loggingcableroutinelycarriessignalstoandfromthe
tions of Terms Specific to This Standard—Terms shall be in logging probe and supports the weight of the probe.
accordance with Ref (1).
6.1.3 The draw works move the logging cable and probe up
and down the borehole and provide the connection with the
4. Summary of Guide
interfaces and surface controls.
4.1 This guide applies to borehole geophysical techniques 6.1.4 The depth measurement system provides probe depth
that are commonly used in geotechnical investigations. This information for the interfaces and surface controls and record-
guide briefly describes the significance and use, apparatus, ing systems.
calibration and standardization, procedures and reports for 6.1.5 Thesurfaceinterfacesandcontrolsprovidesomeorall
planning and conducting borehole geophysical logging. These
of the following: electrical connection, signal conditioning,
techniques are described briefly in Table 1 and their applica-
power, and data transmission between the recording system
tions in Table 2.
and probe.
4.2 Many other logging techniques and applications are
6.1.6 The recording system includes the digital recorder and
described in the textbooks in the reference list. There are a
an analog display or hard copy device.
number of logging techniques with potential geotechnical
applications that are either still in the developmental stage or
7. Calibration and Standardization of Geophysical Logs
havelimitedcommercialavailability.Someofthesetechniques
7.1 General:
and a reference on each are as follows: buried electrode direct
7.1.1 National Institute of Standards and Technology
current resistivity (37), deeply penetrating electromagnetic
(NIST) calibration and operating procedures do not exist for
techniques (38), gravimeter (39), magnetic susceptibility (40),
the borehole geophysical logging industry. However, calibra-
magnetometer, nuclear activation (41), dielectric constant (42),
tion or standardization physical models are available (see
radar (50), deeply penetrating seismic (39), electrical polariz-
Appendix X1).
ability (45), sequential fluid conductivity (46), and diameter
7.1.2 Geophysical logs can be used in a qualitative (for
(48). Many of the guidelines described in this guide also apply
example, comparative) or quantitative manner, depending on
totheuseofthesenewertechniquesthatarestillintheresearch
the project objectives. (For example, a gamma-gamma log can
phase. Accepted practices should be followed at the present
be used to indicate that one rock is more or less dense than
time for these techniques.
another, or it can be expressed in density units.)
7.1.3 The calibration and standardization scope and fre-
5. Significance and Use
quency shall be sufficient for project objectives.
5.1 An appropriately developed, documented, and executed
7.1.3.1 Calibration or standardization should be performed
guide is essential for the proper collection and application of
each time a logging probe is modified or repaired or at periodic
borehole geophysical logs.
intervals.
5.1.1 The benefits of its use include improving the follow-
7.2 Calibration:
ing:
7.2.1 Calibration is the process of establishing values for
5.1.1.1 Selection of logging methods and equipment,
log response. It can be accomplished with a representative
5.1.1.2 Log quality and reliability, and
physical model or laboratory analysis of representative
5.1.1.3 Usefulness of the log data for subsequent display
samples. Calibration data values related to the physical prop-
and interpretation.
erties (for example, porosity) may be recorded in units (for
5.1.2 Thisguideappliestocommonlyusedloggingmethods
example, pulses/s or µm/ft) that can be converted to apparent
(see Table 1 and Table 2) for geotechnical investigations.
porosity units.
5.1.3 It is essential that personnel (see 7.3.3) consult up-to-
7.2.1.1 At least three, and preferably more, values are
date textbooks and reports on each of the logging techniques,
needed to establish a calibration curve, and the interface or
applications, and interpretation methods. A partial list of
contact between different values in the model should be
selected publications is given at the end of this guide.
recorded. Because of the variability in subsurface conditions,
5.1.4 This guide is not meant to describe the specific or
many more values are needed if sample analyses are used for
standard procedures for running each type of geophysical log
calibration.
and is limited to measurements in a single borehole.
7.2.1.2 The statistical scatter in regression of core analysis
againstgeophysicallogvaluesmaybecausedbythedifference
6. Apparatus
between the sample size and geophysical volume of investiga-
6.1 Geophysical Logging System, including probes, cable,
tion and may not represent measurement error.
draw works, depth measurement system, interfaces and surface
7.2.2 Physical Models—A representative model simulates
controls, and digital and analog recording equipment.
thechemicalandphysicalcompositionoftherockandfluidsto
6.1.1 Logging probes, also called sondes or tools, enclose
be measured.
the sensors, sources, electronics for transmitting and receiving
7.2.2.1 Physical models include calibration pits, coils, resis-
signals, and power supplies.
tors, rings, temperature baths, etc.
7.2.2.2 The calibration of nuclear probes should be per-
formed in a physical model that is nearly infinite with respect
The references indicated in these tables should be consulted for detailed
information on each of these techniques and applications. to probe response.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
D5753–95
TABLE 1 Common Geophysical Logs
Typical Measuring
Type of Log Varieties and Properties Required Hole Units and Brief Probe
Other Limitations
(References) Related Techniques Measured Conditions Calibration or Description
Standardization
Spontaneous differential electric potential uncased hole filled salinity difference mV; calibrated records natural
potential(7,8,12) caused by salinity with conductive fluid needed between power supply voltages between
differences in borehole fluid and electrode in well and
borehole and interstitial fluids; another at surface
interstitial fluids, needs correction for
streaming potentials other than NaCl
fluids
Single-point conventional, resistance of rock, uncased hole filled not quantitative; V;V-V meter constant current
resistance (7) differential saturating fluid, and with conductive fluid hole diameter applied across lead
borehole fluid effects are electrode in well and
significant another at surface
of well
Multi-electrode various normal resistivity and uncased hole filled reverses or provides V-m; resistors current and potential
resistivity(7,8,13) focused, guard, saturating fluids with conductive fluid incorrect values and across electrodes electrodes in probe
lateral arrays thickness in thin and remote current
beds and potential
electrodes
Induction (10, 11) various coil conductivity or uncased hole or not suitable for high mS or V-m; transmitting coil(s)
spacings resistivity of rock nonconductive resistivities standard dry air induce eddy
and saturating fluids casing; air or fluid zero check or currents in
filled conductive ring formation; receiving
coil(s) measures
induced voltage
from secondary
magnetic field
Gamma(5,7,22) gamma spectral (44) gamma radiation any hole conditions may be problem pulses per second scintillation crystal
from natural or with very large hole, or API units; gamma and photomultiplier
artificial or several strings of source tube measure
radioisotopes casing and cement gamma radiation
Gamma-gamma (23, compensated (dual electron density optimum results in severe hole- gs/cm ; Al, Mg, or scintillation crystal(s)
24) detector) uncased hole; can diameter effects; Lucite blocks shielded from
be calibrated for difficulty measuring radioactive source
casing formation density measure Compton
through casing or scattered gamma
drill stem
Neutron (7, 14, 25) epithermal, thermal, hydrogen content optimum results in hole diameter and pulses/s or API crystal(s) or gas-
compensated uncased hole; can chemical effects units; calibration pit filled tube(s)
sidewall, activation, be calibrated for or plastic sleeve shielded from
pulsed casing radioactive neutron
source
Acoustic velocity (5, compensated, compressional wave fluid filled, uncased, does not detect velocity units, for 1 or more
26, 27) waveform, cement velocity or transit except cement bond secondary porosity; example, ft/s or m/s transmitters and 2
bond time, or cement bond and or µs/ft; steel pipe or more receivers
compressional wave wave form require
amplitude expert analysis
Acoustic televiewer acoustic caliper acoustic reflectivity fluid filled, 3 to 16- heavy mud or mud orientated image- rotating transducer
(28, 7) of borehole wall in. diameter; cake attenuate magnetometer must sends and receives
problems in signal; very slow be checked high-frequency
deviated holes logging speed pulses
A
Borehole video axial or side view visual image on air or clean water; may need special NA video camera and
(radial) tape clean borehole wall cable light source
Caliper (29, 7) oriented, 4-arm borehole or casing any conditions deviated holes limit distance units, for 1 to 4 retractable
high-resolution, x-y diameter some types; example, in.; jig with arms contact
or max-min bow significant resolution holes or rings borehole wall
spring difference between
tools
Temperature (30, differential temperature of fluid fluid filled large variation in °C or °F; ice bath or thermistor or solid-
31, 32) near sensor accuracy and constant state sensor
resolution of tools temperature bath
Fluid conductiv
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