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ASTM D1903-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of the coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid is essential to compute the required size of a container to accommodate a volume of liquid over the full temperature range to which it will be subjected. It is also used to compute the volume of void space that would exist in an inelastic device filled with the liquid after the liquid has cooled to a lower temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulating liquids of petroleum origin, and askarels, for use in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, and similar apparatus as an insulating or cooling medium, or both, in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, or similar apparatus.  
1.2 The values given in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.07 - Physical Test
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1903-96 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D1903-08 - Standard Practice for Determining the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels
Effective Date
01-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM D8240-22e1 - Standard Specification for Less-Flammable Synthetic Ester Liquids Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3487-16e1 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM D117-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6871-17 - Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8180-23 - Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003

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ASTM D1903-03 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and AskarelsASTM D1903-03 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels
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ASTM D1903-03 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 1903 – 03
Standard Test Method for
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating
1
Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1903; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coef- 4.1 Knowledge of the coefficient of thermal expansion of a
ficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulating liquids of liquidisessentialtocomputetherequiredsizeofacontainerto
petroleum origin, and askarels, containing PCBs (polychlori- accommodate a volume of liquid over the full temperature
nated biphenyls), when used as an insulating or cooling range to which it will be subjected. It is also used to compute
medium, or both, in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, thevolumeofvoidspacethatwouldexistinaninelasticdevice
capacitors, or similar apparatus. filled with the liquid after the liquid has cooled to a lower
1.2 The values given in acceptable metric units are to be temperature.
regarded as the standard.
5. Procedure for Liquids of Petroleum Origin
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 The coefficient of thermal expansion used in Guide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D1250,is0.00040/°Fforthetemperaturerangefrom−17.7to
65.5°C (0 to 150°F), and petroleum oils ranging from 15.0 to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 34.9°APIgravityor0.9659to0.8504relativedensity(specific
gravity). In the preparation of these tables for relative density
2. Referenced Documents
(specific gravity) values above 0.600, it has been assumed for
2.1 ASTM Standards: purposes of standardization that all crude petroleum and
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe- petroleum products have uniform coefficients of expansion in
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom- the same temperature ranges. When the required accuracy of
2
eter results falls within these assumptions, this value for coefficient
2,3
D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables of expansion may be used.
D1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specific 5.2 If closer approximation than that indicated in 5.1 is
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid required, the coefficient of thermal expansion may be calcu-
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method lated by determining observed relative densities (specific
4
D1810 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Askarels gravities).Determinetherelativedensitiesatanytwotempera-
tures below 90°C (194°F) and not less than 5°C (9°F), nor
3. Terminology
more than 14°C (25°F) degrees apart by Practice D1298. The
3.1 Definition of Term Specific to This Standard: difference in the observed relative densities at the two tem-
3.1.1 coeffıcient of thermal expansion of a liquid, n—the
peratures divided by the product of the relative density at the
change in volume per unit volume per degree change in lower temperature and the difference in the two temperatures
temperature. It is commonly stated as the
...

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ASTM D8180-23(Specification)
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1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.  
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D5222-23(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
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1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment  
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1.3 This specification is intended to define synthetic ester electrical insulating liquids that are compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and are expected to maintain their functional characteristics in these applications. The material described in this specification is not always miscible with other electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the synthetic ester insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
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ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Liquids in the Field

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to electrical insulating liquids that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.  
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ASTM D117-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. This guide is classified into the following categories: sampling practices, physical tests, electrical tests, chemical tests, and specifications. The test methods shall be as follows: aniline point; coefficient of thermal expansion; color; examination; flash and fire point; interfacial tension; pour point of petroleum products; refractive index; relative density; specific heat; thermal conductivity; turbidity; viscosity; dielectric breakdown voltage; dissipation factor and relative permittivity; gassing tendency; resistivity; stability under electrical discharge; acidity; carbon-type composition; compatibility with construction material; copper content; furanic compounds; gas analysis; gas content; inorganic chlorides and sulfates; neutralization numbers; oxidation inhibitor content; oxidation stability; polychlorinated biphenyl content; sediment and soluble sludge; sulfur; water content; mineral insulating oil for electrical apparatus; and high firepoint electrical insulating oils.
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1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating liquids intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, liquid-filled circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the liquids are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both.  
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability of the available test methods. Where more than one is available for measuring a given property, their relative advantages are described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience, precision, (95 % confidence limits), and applicability to specific types of electrical insulating liquids.  
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list of standards follows:    
Category  
Section  
ASTM Standard  
Sampling:  
3  
D923  
Physical Tests:  
Aniline Point  
4  
D611  
Coefficient of Thermal Ex-
pansion  
5  
D1903  
Color  
6  
D1500  
Examination: Visual Infrared  
7  
D1524, D2144, D2129  
Flash and Fire Point  
8  
D92  
Interfacial Tension  
9  
D971  
Pour Point of Petroleum
Products  
10  
D97, D5949, D5950  
Particle Count in Mineral
Insulating Oil  
11  
D6786  
Refractive Index and Specific
Optical Dispersion  
12  
D1218  
Relative Density (Specific
Gravity)  
13  
D287, D1217, D1298, D1481, D4052  
Specific Heat  
14  
D2766  
Thermal Conductivity  
15  
D2717  
Viscosity  
16  
D445, D2161, D7042  
Electrical Tests:  
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage  
17  
D877, D1816, D3300  
Dissipation Factor and Rela-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)  
18  
D924  
Gassing Characteristic
Under Thermal Stress  
19  
D7150  
Gassing Tendency  
20  
D2300  
Resistivity  
21  
D1169  
Chemical Tests:  
Acidity, Approximate  
22  
D1534  
Carbon-Type Composition  
23  
D2140  
Compatibility with Construc-
tion Material  
24  
D3455  
Copper Content  
25  
D3635  
Elements by Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)  
26  
D7151  
Furanic Compounds in
Electrical Insulating Liquids  
27  
D5837  
Dissolved Gas Analysis  
28  
D3612  
Gas Content of Cable and
Capacitor Liquids  
29  
D831, D1827, D2945  
Neutralization (Acid and
Base) Numbers  
30  
D664, D974  
Oxidation Inhibitor Content  
31  
D2668, D4768  
Oxidation Stability  
32  
D1934, D2112, D2440  
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ASTM D2144-07(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Examination of Electrical Insulating Oils by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.  
Note 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).  
Note 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.  
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.  
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.  
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D3635-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dissolved Copper In Electrical Insulating Oil By Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Electrical insulating oil may contain small amounts of dissolved metals derived either directly from the base oil or from contact with metals during refining or service. When copper is present, it acts as a catalyst in promoting oxidation of the oil. This test method is useful for research for new oils and to assess the condition of service-aged oils. Consideration should be given to the limits of detection outlined in the scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm or 0.1 mg/kg. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D2668-07(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.  
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).  
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).  
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D2440-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxidation stability test of mineral transformer oils is a method for assessing the amount of sludge and acid products formed in a transformer oil when the oil is tested under prescribed conditions. Good oxidation stability is necessary in order to maximize the service life of the oil by minimizing the formation of sludge and acid. Oils that meet the requirements specified for this test in Specification D3487 tend to minimize electrical conduction, ensure acceptable heat transfer, and preserve system life. There is no proven correlation between performance in this test and performance in service, since the test does not model the whole insulation system (oil, paper, enamel, wire). However, the test can be used as a control test for evaluating oxidation inhibitors and to check the consistency of oxidation stability of production oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of mineral transformer oils to oxidation under prescribed accelerated aging conditions. Oxidation stability is measured by the propensity of oils to form sludge and acid products during oxidation. This test method is applicable to new oils, both uninhibited and inhibited, but is not well defined for used or reclaimed oils.  
Note 1: A shorter duration oxidation test for evaluation of inhibited oils is available in Test Method D2112.
Note 2: For those interested in the measurement of volatile acidity, reference is made to IEC Method 61125. 2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1934-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidative Aging of Electrical Insulating Liquids by Open-Beaker Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Open-beaker oxidative aging methods have been used for many years in laboratories of insulating liquid companies, electrical equipment manufacturers, and electric utility companies interested in the stability of electrical insulating liquids under oxidative conditions. They are particularly useful as a check on the continuity of production and shipment of insulating liquids. They are also useful as process and product checks for applicable type insulating liquids.  
5.2 Specification limits for insulating liquids subjected to open-beaker oxidative aging by this method are established by agreement between individual producers and consumers of applicable type insulating liquids. These properties of the insulating liquid involved in specification limits for aging stability may be measured after the oxidative aging (and sometimes before aging) by appropriate test methods such as Test Methods D924, D971, D1169, and D974 or D664. Other test methods such as D445 can be used when deemed appropriate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for subjecting electrical insulating liquids to oxidative aging:  
1.1.1 Procedure A, without a metal catalyst, and  
1.1.2 Procedure B, with a metal catalyst.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating liquids used as impregnating or pressure media in electrical power transmission cables if less than 10 % of the insulating liquid evaporates during the aging procedures. It applies and is generally useful primarily in the evaluation and quality control of unused insulating liquids, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to study the long-term behavior of an insulating liquid being considered for free breathing transformers. An unsealed vessel aging procedure, in presence of air or oxygen, allows greatly increased oxidation rate of the liquid. This procedure is rapid and provides a controlled thermal stress assessment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 An open beaked test shall only be carried out on liquids with flash points at or above 130°C or 15°C above the oven temperature. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.5 for a specific warning statement.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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