ASTM D2969-00e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Steel Tire Cords
Standard Test Methods for Steel Tire Cords
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of cords made from steel that are specifically designed for use in the reinforcement of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be used to test similar cords or filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products. The steel cords may be wound on spools or beams. The steel cords may also be woven into fabric, in which case they must be removed from the fabric prior to testing.
Note 1--For other methods of testing tire cords and tire cord fabrics, refer to Methods D885, Test Methods D1871, Specifications D122, and Test Methods D2692 and D2970. For tolerances on tire cords and tire cord fabrics, refer to Specifications D122 and Methods D885.
1.2 These test methods include test procedures only; they do not establish specifications or tolerances.
1.3 This test method includes the following sections:SubjectSectionAdhesion of Steel Cords and Filaments to Elastomers16Brass Coating Composition and Mass14, 15 Breaking Force (Strength)10Construction12Data Form for Reporting Test ResultsAppendix X1Elongation at Break10Elongation Between Defined Forces (EDF)11Flare8Lay12Linear Density9Visual Appearance8Nomenclature SystemAnnex A1Residual Torsions8Straightness8Thickness and Out-of-Roundness13
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 14.3 and Note 11.
1.4 This standard is written in SI units. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 2969 – 00
Standard Test Methods for
Steel Tire Cords
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2969; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in August 2001.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of cords made from 2.1 ASTM Standards:
steel that are specifically designed for use in the reinforcement D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be tiles
used to test similar cords or filaments used for reinforcing other D 122 Specifications for Tire Fabrics Other Than Tire Cord
rubber products. The steel cords may be wound on spools or Fabrics
beams. The steel cords may also be woven into fabric, in which D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
case they must be removed from the fabric prior to testing. D 885 Methods of Testing Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics,
and Industrial Filament Yarns and Cords Made from
NOTE 1—For other methods of testing tire cords and tire cord fabrics,
Manufactured Organic-Based Fibers
refer to Methods D 885, Test Methods D 1871, Specifications D 122, and
D 1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
Test Methods D 2692 and D 2970. For tolerances on tire cords and tire
cord fabrics, refer to Specifications D 122 and Methods D 885. D 1871 Test Methods for Adhesion of Single-Filament Steel
Wire to Rubber
1.2 These test methods include test procedures only; they do
D 2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire
not establish specifications or tolerances.
Cords and Rubber
1.3 This test method includes the following sections:
D 2692 Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, Tire
Subject Section
Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and Yarns
Adhesion of Steel Cords and Filaments to Elastomers 16
Brass Coating Composition and Mass 14, 15
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Breaking Force (Strength) 10 2
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
Construction 12
D 2970 Methods of Testing Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics
Data Form for Reporting Test Results Appendix X1
Elongation at Break 10
and Industrial Yarns Made from Glass Filaments
Elongation Between Defined Forces (EDF) 11
D 4393 Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing
Flare 8
Cords or Fabrics to Rubber Compounds
Lay 12
Linear Density 9
E 663 Practice for Flame Atomic Absorption Analysis
Visual Appearance 8
2.2 International Bureau for the Standardization of Man-
Nomenclature System Annex A1
Made Fibers (BISFA):
Residual Torsions 8
Straightness 8
Internationally Agreed Methods for Testing Steel Tire
Thickness and Out-of-Roundness 13
Cords
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.1 core, n—a filament or strand that serves as an ex-
tended axis about which other elements can be wound.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 14.3 and Note
11. 3.1.2 direction of lay—the helical disposition of the com-
ponents of a strand or cord.
1.5 This standard is written in SI units. No other units of
measurement are included in this standard. 3.1.2.1 Discussion—The strand or cord has an “S” or left
hand lay if, when held vertically, the spirals around the central
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and
Discontinued. See 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Fabrics.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published July 2000. Originally
Discontinued. See 1996 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
published as D 2969 – 71 T. Last previous edition D 2969 – 92.
Available from BISFA, Lauren Garten Strasse 12, PO Box, CH-4010 BASLE
Switzerland.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2969
axis of the strand or cord conform in direction of slope to the from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens
central portion of the letter“ S”; and “Z,” or righthand lay if the should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
spirals conform in direction of slope to the central portion of laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
the letter “Z.” laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-
3.1.3 direction of twist—See direction of lay. tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
3.1.4 flare, n—the spreading of the filament ends or the two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either its
strand ends at the cut end of a steel tire cord, expressed as the cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
unravelled length. supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
3.1.5 high elongation, adj—in steel tire cord, a cord with an eration to the known bias.
elongation at break greater than 3.0 %. 5.2 The significance and use of particular properties are
3.1.6 length of lay, n—the axial distance required to make discussed in the appropriate sections.
one complete revolution of any element of a strand or cord.
6. Sampling
3.1.7 residual torsion, n—revolutions made by a specified
6.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
length of steel tire cord when one end is held in a fixed position
take at random the number of primary sampling units as
and the other is allowed to turn freely.
directed in an applicable material specification or other agree-
3.1.8 steel cord, n—a formed structure made of two or more
ment between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider cartons
steel filaments when used as an end product or a combination
of cords or rolls of fabric as primary sampling units.
of strands or filaments and strands.
3.1.9 steel cord wrap, n—a steel filament wound helically
NOTE 2—A realistic specification or other agreement between the
around a steel cord.
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
3.1.10 steel filament, n—the individual element in a steel
between cartons of cords and between spools or other packages within a
strand or cord. carton, or the variability between and within rolls of fabric so as to provide
a sampling plan with meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk,
3.1.11 steel strand, n—a group of steel filaments combined
acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
to form a unit product to be processed further.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—A strand may be considered a cord if 6.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
it is the finished product for tire reinforcement or it may be an tance testing, proceed as follows:
element in a more complex structure. 6.2.1 For cords, take at random the number of spools or
3.1.12 straightness, n—in steel cord, the property of a cord other packages per carton as directed in the applicable material
characterized by a lack of deviation from its central axis over specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the
short lengths of a cord. supplier.
3.1.13 wildness, n—obsolete term, previously used to de- 6.2.2 For fabric, take a full-width swatch 1 m long from the
scribe a number of steel tire cord properties including flare, end of each roll in the lot sample, after first discarding a
straightness, and residual torsion. minimum of1mof fabric from the outside layer of the roll (see
3.1.14 For definitions of other textile terms used in these test 6.2.3).
methods, refer to Terminology D 123. 6.2.3 Place each laboratory sampling unit in a moisture-
proof container to protect it from atmospheric corrosion and
4. Summary of Test Method
contamination.
4.1 A summary of the test methods prescribed for the
6.3 Test Specimens—Take the number of specimens from
determination of specific properties is stated in each of the
each laboratory sampling unit as directed in each specific test
sections pertaining to the respective properties.
method.
6.4 Specimen Preparation—For cords, when practical, per-
5. Significance and Use
form tests on specimens taken directly from the spools or other
5.1 The procedures in Test Methods D 2969 for the deter-
packages in the laboratory sample.
mination of the properties of steel tire cord and related
7. Conditioning
materials are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of
commercial shipments of such products because the procedures
7.1 Conditioning of materials covered by these test methods
are the best available and have been used extensively in the
has not been found necessary, except to maintain cleanliness.
trade. When a purchaser frequently uses a specific supplier, it
8. Visual Appearance, Residual Torsion, Straightness,
is recommended that the two parties investigate the methods to
Flare
determine if there is any bias between their two laboratories as
directed in . 8.1 Scope—This test method covers the visual examination
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in of steel cord for appearance and test procedures for residual
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance torsion, straightness, and flare.
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup- 8.2 Significance and Use—Physical properties of steel tire
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is cord may be affected by the methods of manufacturing and
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis- handling procedures. Cleanliness has a direct effect on the
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. adhesion of steel tire cord to elastomers.
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test 8.3 One specimen is taken from each laboratory sampling
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are unit for residual torsion, flare, and straightness. Specimens for
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2969
other tests may be used for visual appearance. 8.6.1 Twenty cord samples of 2X.30 HT construction were
8.4 Procedures: measured for residual torsion and flare in accordance with 8.4.1
8.4.1 Residual Torsion—Determine residual torsion by re- and 8.4.2. A single operator in a single laboratory performed
moving at least3mof cord from the package, cutting it off, and the testing. A statistical analysis was used to quantify intral-
discarding it. Make a right angle bend about 25 mm from the aboratory variability for these properties. The property flare
cord end on the package. Hold this bent end tightly so that it showed a strongly right-skewed distribution, with values be-
cannot turn while pulling out a specimen having a length of 6 tween 0 and 65 mm; the median value was 3 mm. Repeatability
6 0.2 m. Pull the specimen from the package in such a manner was not calculated for flare because of its non-normal distri-
that does not change the residual torsions of the specimen from bution. Results are shown in the following:
that of the cord on the package. Release the free end of the cord
Property Average S Repeatability S Reproducibility
r R
Flare 8.6 16.3 - NA NA
and allow this end to rotate while the cord is free of external
Residual Torsion 1.45 0.22 0.62 NA NA
tension. Count and record the number of rotations of the cord
S is the intra-laboratory standard deviation. S , the total
end to the closest one-half rotation and, viewing the cord from
r R
the bent end toward the package, denote clockwise rotations as standard deviation, is formed by taking the square root of the
sum of intra-laboratory and interlaboratory variance compo-
positive (+) and anti-clockwise rotations as negative (–).
nents. S cannot be determined from these data.
8.4.1.1 Calculate the average residual torsion for the lot.
R
Method repeatability is defined as the “maximum difference”
8.4.2 Straightness—Without cutting the specimen from the
that can “reasonably” be expected between two test results
package, pull out a length of cord 66 0.2 m and lay it on a
obtained on the same material when the test results are
smooth, hard surface and allow it to rotate freely. With no
obtained in the same laboratory. Method reproducibility is
tension applied to the cord, place the cord specimen approxi-
mately equidistant from two straight parallel lines spaced at a defined as the “maximum difference” that can “reasonably” be
expected between two test results obtained on the same
distance of 75 6 3 mm. If the specimen does not touch both
lines consider the specimen straight. Record the observation. material when the test results are obtained from different
laboratories.
NOTE 3—It is common practice to make residual torsion and straight-
ness observations on the same specimen. Residual torsion is measured 9. Linear Density
first, then straightness.
9.1 Scope—In this test method, a specified length of steel
8.4.3 Flare—Cut a straight section of cord (not less than
cord is weighed using an analytical balance and linear density
100 mm) using cutters held at right angles to the axis of the
is calculated as mass per unit length.
specimen and measure to the nearest 1 mm of the distance
9.2 Significance and Use—The linear density of steel cord
along the longitudinal axis that any filament or strand unrav-
is used to calculate the expected mass of pneumatic tires and
elled. Record this distance.
the various components used in their manufacture as a part of
8.4.3.1 Calculate the average flare for the lot.
the process control procedure.
8.4.4 Contamination—Make a visual inspection of the
9.3 Number and Preparation of Specimens—Take a speci-
specimen taken as directed in 8.4.1, 8.4.2, or 8.4.3 and record
men having a minimum length of 1 m from each sample of
the presence of any dirt, rust, oil, or any other foreign material.
cord (see Note 4 for high-elongation cords). For samples from
Also look for and record any pitting, including rough spots. A
fabric, use a sufficient number of ends to give a minimum
visual inspection of the package and its integrity may be leng
...
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