ASTM D4411-03(2008)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion
Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is general and is intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily sample a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design new sampling equipment or modify existing equipment. Because of the dynamic nature of the transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in samples depends upon the method of collection. Sediment discharge is highly variable both in time and space so numerous samples properly collected with correctly designed equipment are necessary to provide data for discharge calculations. General properties of both temporal and spatial variations are discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported by moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments transported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures do not apply to sediments transported by flotation.
1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in special instances are of interest. However, much of the descriptive information on sampler requirements and sediment transport phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentrations, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specify suitable equipment. Additional information on this subject will be added in the future.
1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards; however they do contain information that helps ensure standard design of equipment and procedures.
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to determine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently accepted as representative of the state-of-the-art. As this situation changes, details will be added to this guide.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 12.
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Designation: D4411 − 03(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3977Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentra-
tion in Water Samples
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures
forsamplingtodeterminedischargeofsedimenttransportedby
3. Terminology
moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally
developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers 3.1 Definitions:
but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments
3.1.1 isokinetic—a condition of sampling, whereby liquid
transportedinopenchannelsorclosedconduits.Proceduresdo
moves with no acceleration as it leaves the ambient flow and
not apply to sediments transported by flotation.
enters the sampler nozzle.
1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to 3.1.2 sampling vertical—an approximately vertical path
determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in
from water surface to the streambed.Along this path, samples
specialinstancesareofinterest.However,muchofthedescrip- are taken to define various properties of the flow such as
tive information on sampler requirements and sediment trans-
sediment concentration or particle-size distribution.
port phenomena is applicable in sampling for these
3.1.3 sedimentdischarge—massofsedimenttransportedper
concentrations, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specify suitable
unit of time.
equipment. Additional information on this subject will be
3.1.4 suspended sediment—sediment that is carried in sus-
added in the future.
pension in the flow of a stream for appreciable lengths of time,
1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards;
being kept in this state by the upward components of flow
howevertheydocontaininformationthathelpsensurestandard
turbulence or by Brownian motion.
design of equipment and procedures.
3.1.5 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, see
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to deter-
Terminology D1129.
mine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently ac-
3.2.1 concentration, sediment—the ratio of the mass of dry
ceptedasrepresentativeofthestate-of-the-art.Asthissituation
sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the volume of the
changes, details will be added to this guide.
water-sediment mixture. Refer to Practice D3977.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 depth-integrating suspended sediment sampler—an
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
instrument capable of collecting a water-sediment mixture
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
isokinetically as the instrument is traversed across the flow;
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
hence, a sampler suitable for performing depth integration.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
3.2.3 depth-integration—a method of sampling at every
tionary statements are given in Section 12.
point throughout a sampled depth whereby the water-sediment
2. Referenced Documents
mixture is collected isokinetically to ensure the contribution
2
from each point is proportional to the stream velocity at the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
point. This method yields a sample that is discharge-weighted
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
over the sampled depth. Ordinarily, depth integration is per-
1 formed by traversing either a depth- or point-integrating
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and is
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology, sampler vertically at an acceptably slow and constant rate;
and Open-Channel Flow.
however, depth integration can also be accomplished with
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
vertical slot samplers.
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4411–03. DOI:
10.1520/D4411-03R08.
3.2.4 point-integratingsuspended-sedimentsampler—anin-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
strument capable of collecting water-sediment mixtures isoki-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
netically. The sampling action can be turned on and off while
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the sampler intake is submerged so as to permit sampling for a
Copyright © ASTM I
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 4411–98 Designation:D4411–03 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported by
moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers but they
are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments transported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures do not apply to
sediments transported by flotation.
1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in special
instances are of interest. However, much of the descriptive information on sampler requirements and sediment transport
phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentrations, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specify suitable equipment.Additional
information on this subject will be added in the future.
1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards; however they do contain information that helps ensure standard design
of equipment and procedures.
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to determine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no specific
samplingequipmentorproceduresarepresentlyacceptedasrepresentativeofthestate-of-the-art.Asthissituationchanges,details
will be added to this guide.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 12.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D3977Practice for Determining Suspended-Sediment Concentration in Water Samples 3977 Test Methods for Determining
Sediment Concentration in Water Samples
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 isokinetic—a condition of sampling, whereby liquid moves with no acceleration as it leaves the ambient flow and enters
the sampler nozzle.
3.1.2 sampling vertical—an approximately vertical path from water surface to the streambed. Along this path, samples are
taken to define various properties of the flow such as sediment concentration or particle-size distribution.
3.1.3 sediment discharge—mass of sediment transported per unit of time.
3.1.4 suspended sediment—sediment that is carried in suspension in the flow of a stream for appreciable lengths of time, being
kept in this state by the upward components of flow turbulence or by Brownian motion.
3.1.5 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, see Terminology D1129.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 concentration, sediment—the ratio of the mass of dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the volume of the
water-sediment mixture. Refer to Practice D3977.
3.2.2 depth-integrating suspended sediment sampler—an instrument capable of collecting a water-sediment mixture isokineti-
cally as the instrument is traversed across the flow; hence, a sampler suitable for performing depth integration.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1998. Published March 1999. Originally published as D4411–84. Last previous edition D4411–93.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology, and
Open-Channel Flow .
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4411–03.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
, Vol 11.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4411–03 (2008)
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