D19.07 - Sediments, Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is particularly useful for determining the discharge at a gauging station or a location where discharge information is repeatedly needed.  
5.2 This practice is applicable only for open-channel flow conditions where channel hydraulics permit a stable relation between stage and discharge.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the development of a curve relating stage (elevation) to discharge. Standard test methods have been documented for measuring discharge and for measuring stage (see Practice D3858, and Test Methods D5129, D5130, D5243, D5388, and D5413). This practice takes the discharge and stage determined by each respective test method and shows a relation between them using a curved line. This curved line is called a stage-discharge relation or rating curve.  
1.2 The procedures described in this practice are used commonly by those responsible for investigations of streamflow, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S Agriculture Research Service. For the most part, these procedures are adapted from reports of the U.S. Geological Survey.2,3  
1.3 The procedures described in this practice apply only to simple freely flowing open-channel flow. Ratings for complex hydraulic conditions of extremely low slope channels using multiple-stage inputs, channels affected by man-induced regulation, or tidal conditions are not described. These types of ratings are described in detail in the documents listed in Footnotes 2 and 3.2,3  
1.4 This practice uses the results of current-meter discharge measurements or indirect discharge measurements and the corresponding measured stage to define as much of the stage-discharge relation curve as possible. A theoretical curve is developed for the full range of stage and discharge to shape the curve.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The accuracy of depth measurements made by a fathometer or echo sounder requires a number of corrections because of the variability of sound or acoustic velocity in water with changes in temperature, salinity, and depth of water. In addition instability of the equipment can also result in significant errors. For additional information see Practice D5073.  
4.2 Calibration of echo sounding instruments is absolutely critical in assuring the adequacy of depth measurements. When an echo sounder has been accurately calibrated, any observed (recorded) depth can be related to the true depth of water. Since the intended purpose of echo sounding is to measure the “true” depth, an independent “true” reference must be used.  
4.3 A bar-check is the most wide-spread, easiest to construct, and most economical mechanical method to determine corrections for instrument and velocity errors.  
4.4 This procedure explains the calibration of a fathometer or electronic depth sounder using a bar-check.  
4.5 Bar-checking techniques and equipment are general in nature and may need to be modified for use in specific field conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the user with procedures used in manually calibrating the fathometer or electronic depth sounder. This narrative describes calibration terminology, describes acceptable environmental conditions for calibration, and describes the calibration procedures.  
1.2 The references cited contain useful information in the construction and the correct operation of the calibration equipment.  
1.3 Any references cited in this narrative to specific products or brand names are made for information only, and is intended to be descriptive, but not restrictive, of products that will perform satisfactorily.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is general and intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily monitor a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design specific installation structures or modify those given in this guide to meet the requirements of the site in question. Because of the dynamic nature of the sediment transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in the monitoring program depends on the type of equipment used and method of collection of the SSC samples used to calibrate the optical readings. Sediment concentration is highly variable in both time and space. Numerous samples must be collected and analyzed with proper equipment and standardized methods for the rating of the optical equipment at a particular site (see Guide D4411 and Practice D3977).  
5.2 All optical equipment have an upper limit for valid readings, beyond which the meter will not read properly, commonly referred to as “blacking out.” If upper range of SSC are expected to cause optical instrument black out, then some other means should be devised, such as automatic pumping samplers, to collect samples during this period. See Edwards and Glysson (1)3 and Glysson (2) for information on collection of suspended sediment samples using pumping samplers. It should be noted that other technologies, such as lasers and acoustic dopplers, are also being used to monitor SSC continuously.  
5.3 The user of this guide should realize that because different technologies and different models of the same technology of turbidity meters can produce significantly different outputs for the same environmental sample, only one manufacturer and model of the turbidity meter can be used to develop the relationship between the SSC and turbidity readings at a site. If a different manufacturer or a different model type of turbidity meter is used, a new relationship will need to be develop for the site.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for installation, operation, and calibration of optical equipment as a surrogate for the continuous determination of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in open channel flow.  
1.2 This guide emphasizes general principles for the application of optical measurements to be used to estimate suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in water. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Continuous monitoring is a field-based operation, methods and equipment are usually modified to suit local conditions. The modification process depends upon the operator skill and judgment.  
1.3 This guide covers the use of the output from an optical instrument, such as turbidity and suspended-solids meters, to record data that can be correlated with suspended-sediment concentration. It does not cover the process of collecting data for continuous turbidity record, which would require additional calibration of the turbidity readings to the mean turbidity of the measurement cross section. For the purposes of this method it is assumed that the dependent variable will be mean cross-sectional suspended-sediment concentration data.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Industrialized and urban areas have been found to deposit a number of toxic elements into environments where those elements were previously either not present or were found in trace amounts. Consequently, it is important to be able to measure the concentration of these pollution-deposited elements to properly study pollution effects.  
5.2 This procedure is concerned with the pollution-related trace elements that are described in 4.1 rather than those elements incorporated in the silicate lattices of the minerals from which the sediments were derived. These pollution-related trace elements are released into the water and readsorbed by the sediments with changes in general water quality, pH in particular. These elements are a serious source of pollution. The elements locked in the silicate lattices are not readily available in the biosphere (1-8).  
5.3 When comparing the trace element concentrations, it is important to consider the particle sizes to be analyzed (8, 9).  
5.3.1 The finer the particle the greater the surface area. Consequently, a potentially greater amount of a given trace element can be adsorbed on the surface of fine, particulate samples (4). For particle sizes smaller than 80 mesh, metal content is no longer dependent on surface area. Therefore, if this portion of the sediment is used, the analysis with respect to sample type (that is, sand, salt, or clay) is normalized. It has also been observed that the greatest contrast between anomalous and background samples is obtained when less than 80-mesh portion of the sediment is used (4, 5).  
5.3.2 After the samples have been dried, care must be taken not to grind the sample in such a way to alter the natural particle-size distribution (14.1). Fracturing a particle disrupts the silicate lattice and makes available those elements which otherwise are not easily digested (6). Normally, aggregates of dried, natural soils, sediments, and many clays dissociate once the reagents are added (14.3 and 1...
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe the partial extraction of soils, bottom sediments, suspended sediments, and waterborne materials to determine the extractable concentrations of certain trace elements.  
1.1.1 Practice A is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, boron, barium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, sodium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is the more vigorous and more complicated of the two.  
1.1.2 Practice B is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is less vigorous and less complicated than Practice A.  
1.2 These practices describe three means of preparing samples prior to digestion:  
1.2.1 Freeze-drying.  
1.2.2 Air-drying at room temperature.  
1.2.3 Accelerated air-drying, for example, 95 °C.  
1.3 The detection limit and linear concentration range of each procedure for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption spectrophotometric or other technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used. Also see various ASTM test methods for determining specific metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometric techniques.  
1.3.1 The sensitivity of the practice can be adjusted by varying the sample size (14.2) or the dilution of the sample (14.6), or both.  
1.4 Extractable trace element analysis provides more information than total metal analysis for the detection of pollutants, since absorption, complexation, and precipitation are the methods by which metals from polluted waters are retained in sediments.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are inc...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity at the levels defined in the scope of this test method are often monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of water environments and determine the impact of changes in response to environmental events (weather events, floods, etc.). Turbidity is often undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, sedimentation, and various levels of filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides an indicator of contamination, and is a vital measurement for monitoring the characteristics and or quality within the sample’s source or process.  
5.2 This test method does overlap Test Method D6855 for the range of 1 to 5 TU. If the predominant measurement falls below 1.0 TU with occasional spikes above this value, Test Method D6855 may be more applicable. For measurements that are consistently above 1 TU, this test method is applicable.  
5.3 This test method is suitable to turbidity such as that found in all waters that measure above 1 NTU. Examples include environmental waters (streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries), processes associated with water pollution control plants (wastewater treatment plants), and various industrial processes involving water with noticeable turbidity. For measurement of cleaner waters, refer to Test Method D6855.  
5.4 The appropriate measurement range for a specific technology or instrument type that should be utilized is at or below 80 % of full-scale capability for the respective instrument or technology. Measurements above this level may not be dependable.  
5.4.1 Dilutions of waters are not recommended, especially in the case of samples with rapidly settling particles (that is, sediments). It is recommended that an appropriate instrument design that covers the expected range be selected to avoid the need to perform dilutions.  
5.5 Technol...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static determination of turbidity in water. Static refers to a sample that is removed from its source and tested in an isolated instrument. (See Section 4.)  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities greater than 1.0 turbidity unit (TU). The upper end of the measurement range was left undefined because different technologies described in this test method can cover very different ranges. The round robin study covered the range of 0 to 4000 turbidity units because instrument verification in this range can typically be covered by standards that can be consistently reproduced.  
1.3 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies.  
1.3.1 In this test method calibration standards are often defined in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1 FNU, a 1 FAU, a 1 BU, and so forth.  
1.4 This test method does not purport to cover all available technologies for high-level turbidity measurement.  
1.5 This test method was tested on different natural waters and wastewater, and with standards that will serve as surrogates to samples. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
1.6 Depending on the constituents within a high-level sample, the proposed sample preparation and measurement methods may or may not be applicable. Those samples with the highest particle densities typically prove to be the most difficult to measure. In these cases, and alternative measurement method such as the process monitoring method can be consi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, settling, and filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides a rapid means of process control for when, how, and to what extent the water must be treated to meet specifications.  
5.2 This test method is suitable to turbidity such as that found in drinking water, process water, and high purity industrial water.  
5.3 When reporting the measured result, appropriate units should also be reported. The units are reflective of the technology used to generate the result, and if necessary, provide more adequate comparison to historical data sets.  
5.3.1 Table 1 describes technologies and reporting results (see also Refs (1-3)).6 Those technologies listed are appropriate for the range of measurement prescribed in this test method. Others may come available in the future. Fig. X5.1 provides a flow chart to aid in selection of the appropriate technology for low-level static turbidity applications.  
5.3.2 If a design that falls outside of the criteria listed in Table 1 is used, the turbidity should be reported in turbidity units (TU) with a subscripted wavelength value to characterize the light source that was used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static determination of turbidity in water (see 4.1).  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities under 5.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).  
1.3 This test method was tested on municipal drinking water, ultra-pure water, and low turbidity samples. It is the users responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 This test method uses calibration standards are defined in NTU values, but other assigned turbidity units are assumed to be equivalent.  
1.5 This test method assigns traceable reporting units to the type of respective technology that was used to perform the measurement. Units are numerically equivalent with respect to the calibration standard. For example, a 1.0 NTU formazin standard is also equal to a 1.0 FNU standard, a 1.0 FNRU standard, and so forth.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to the MSDSs for all chemicals used in this test method.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is a measure of scattered light that results from the interaction between a beam of light and particulate material in a liquid sample. Particulate material is typically undesirable in water from a health perspective and its removal is often required when the water is intended for consumption. Thus, turbidity has been used as a key indicator for water quality to assess the health and quality of environmental water sources. Higher turbidity values are typically associated with poorer water quality.  
5.1.1 Turbidity is also used in environmental monitoring to assess the health and stability of water-based ecosystems such as in lakes, rivers and streams. In general, the lower the turbidity, the healthier the ecosystem.  
5.2 Turbidity measurement is a qualitative parameter for water but its traceability to a primary light scatter standard allows the measurement to be applied as a quantitative measurement. When used as a quantative measurement, turbidity is typically reported generically in turbidity units (TUs).  
5.2.1 Turbidity measurements are based on the instruments’ calibration with primary standard reference materials. These reference standards are traceable to formazin concentrate (normally at a value of 4000 TU). The reference concentrate is linearly diluted to provide calibration standard values. Alternative standard reference materials, such as SDVB co-polymer or stabilized formazin, are manufactured to match the formazin polymer dilutions and provide highly consistent and stable values for which to calibrate turbidity sensors.
5.2.1.1 When used for regulatory compliance reporting, specific turbidity calibration standards may be required. The user of this guide should check with regulatory entities regarding specifics of allowable calibration standard materials.  
5.2.2 The traceability to calibrations from different technologies (and other calibration standards) to primary formazin standards provides for a basis for defined turbidity uni...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the best practices for use of various turbidimeter designs for measurement of turbidity in waters including: drinking water, wastewater, industrial waters, and for regulatory and environmental monitoring. This guide covers both continuous and static measurements.  
1.1.1 In principle there are three basic applications for on-line measurement set ups. The first is the bypass or slipstream technique; a portion of sample is transported from the process or sample stream and to the turbidimeter for analysis. It is then either transported back to the sample stream or to waste. The second is the in-line measurement; the sensor is submerged directly into the sample or process stream, which is typically contained in a pipe. The third is in-situ where the sensor is directly inserted into the sample stream. The in-situ principle is intended for the monitoring of water during any step within a processing train, including immediately before or after the process itself.  
1.1.2 Static covers both benchtop and portable designs for the measurement of water samples that are captured into a cell and then measured.  
1.2 Depending on the monitoring goals and desired data requirements, certain technologies will deliver more desirable results for a given application. This guide will help the user align a technology to a given application with respect to best practices for data collection.  
1.3 Some designs are applicable for either a lower or upper measurement range. This guide will help provide guidance to the best-suited technologies based given range of turbidity.  
1.4 Modern electronic turbidimeters are comprised of many parts that can cause them to produce different results on samples. The wavelength of incident light used, detector type, detector angle, number of detectors (and angles), and optical pathlength are all design criteria that may be different among instruments. When these sensors are all calibra...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of aquatic environments and to determine the impact of environmental events such as storms, floods, runoff, etc. Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant-effluent waters, water for food and beverage production, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Turbidity is often reduced by coagulation, sedimentation and water filtration. The measurement of turbidity may indicate the presence of particle-bound contaminants and is vital for monitoring the completion of a particle-waste settling process. Significant uses of turbidity measurements include:  
5.1.1 Compliance with permits, water-quality guidelines, and regulations;  
5.1.2 Determination of transport and fate of particles and associated contaminants in aquatic systems;  
5.1.3 Conservation, protection and restoration of surface waters;  
5.1.4 Measure performance of water and land-use management;  
5.1.5 Monitor waterside construction, mining, and dredging operations;  
5.1.6 Characterization of wastewater and energy-production effluents;  
5.1.7 Tracking water-well completion including development and use; and  
5.1.8 As a surrogate for other constituents in water including sediment and sediment-associated constituents.  
5.2 The calibration range of a turbidimeter shall exceed the expected range of TU values for an application but shall not exceed the measurement range specified by the manufacturer.  
5.3 Designs described in this standard detect and respond to a combination of relative absorption, intensity of light scattering, and transmittance. However, they do not measure these absolute physical units as defined in 3.2.15 and 3.2.19.  
5.4 Several different turbidimeter designs may be used for this test method and one design may be better suited for a specific type of sample or monitoring application than another. The selection flowchart in Annex A1 provides guidance for th...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the in-situ field measurements of turbidity in surface water. The measurement range is greater than 1 TU and the lesser of 10 000 TU or the maximum measurable TU value specified by the turbidimeter manufacturer.  
1.1.1 Precision data was conducted on both real world and surrogate turbidity samples up to about 1000 TU. Many of the technologies listed in this test method are capable of measuring above that provided in the precision section (see Section 16).  
1.2 “In-situ measurement” refers in this test method to applications where the turbidimeter sensor is placed directly in the surface water in the field and does not require transport of a sample to or from the sensor. Surface water refers to springs, lakes, reservoirs, settling ponds, streams and rivers, estuaries, and the ocean.  
1.3 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies. This test method prescribes the assignment of a determined turbidity values to the technology used to determine those values. Numerical equivalence to turbidity standards is observed between different technologies but is not expected across a common sample. Improved traceability beyond the scope of this test method may be practiced and would include the listing of the make and model number of the instrument used to determine the turbidity values.  
1.4 In this test method, calibration standards are often defined in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1 FNU, a 1 FAU, a 1 BU, and so forth.  
1.5 This test method was tested on different natural waters and with standards th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is useful when a systematic record of water surface elevation or discharge is required at a specific location. Some gaging stations may be operated for only a few months; however, many have been operated for a century.  
5.2 Gaging station records are used for many purposes:  
5.2.1 Resource appraisal of long-term records to determine the maximum, minimum, and variability of flows of a particular stream. These data can be used for the planning and design of a variety of surface water-related projects such as water supply, flood control, hydroelectric developments, irrigation, recreation, and waste assimilation.  
5.2.2 Management, where flow data are required for the operation of a surface-water structure or other management decision.
SCOPE
1.1 The guide covers procedures used commonly for the systematic collection of streamflow information. Continuous streamflow information is necessary for understanding the amount and variability of water for many uses, including water supply, waste dilution, irrigation, hydropower, and reservoir design.  
1.2 The procedures described in this guide are used widely by those responsible for the collection of streamflow data, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Water Survey Canada, and many state and provincial agencies. The procedures are generally from internal documents of the preceding agencies, which have become the defacto standards used in North America.  
1.3 It is the responsibility of the user of the guide to determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedure to meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems is necessary, and data requirements and environmental operating conditions must be considered in equipment selection.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for the preparation of stable, representative, oxidized, relatively unpolluted, aquatic natural-matrix bed-sediment reference test samples. When prepared as described, such test samples should be useful for collaborative methods testing, to evaluate the precision and bias of test methods, and to evaluate test methods performance during their development.  
5.2 The availability of defined representative natural-matrix reference or test samples, closely approximating a variety of typical environmental samples, is a key requirement for the effective collaborative methods evaluation and development of test methods, and quality assurance testing. When the composition of the reference or test samples has been determined, either for operationally defined “total recoverable” leaching techniques, or for “total analysis” determined by total dissolution, the defined samples should also be suitable for analytical quality assurance testing.  
5.3 Certified analyses of most rock, sediment, sludge, and soil reference samples are typically based on the total amount of each constituent of interest in the entire sample. “Total” chemical analysis of these samples generally requires complete decomposition or dissolution of the standard material. These are the only feasible analytical approaches if knowledge of finite concentrations for each element of interest in the entire sample is required. Certain instrumental methods, such as X-ray fluorescence or neutron activation analysis, may provide information as to the total constituent composition without sample destruction.  
5.4 Partial chemical extraction of sediments, or “total recoverable” analyses (operationally defined procedures) for selecting constituents, frequently are useful for defining “available” constituent concentrations. In addition, partial chemical extractions may also provide data on partitioning, phase associations, or on how trace elements are entrained. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers uniform procedures to develop, select, collect, prepare, and use oxidized, relatively unpolluted, aquatic natural-matrix bed-sediment reference samples for the collaborative testing of chemical methods of analysis for sediments and similar materials. Reference samples prepared using this practice are intended for use as natural sediments, analyzable for major, minor, and trace elements, and general physical/organic analyses only. The samples are not designed or tested for environmental pollutants such as trace organic compounds.  
1.2 Few, if any, aquatic sediment reference materials have been certified, defined, or are even available for developing or evaluating partial and sequential extraction procedures. This practice describes factors and considerations in site selection, sample characteristics, collection, and subsequent raw sample treatment needed to prepare natural-matrix bed-material sediments for use as partial or sequential extraction procedure reference test samples. The user of this practice is cautioned that in light of the many variables that may affect natural materials, neither the list of factors included for evaluation nor preparation of natural-matrix reference samples should be considered as all inclusive. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity and applicability of these practices for preparing specific-matrix samples appropriate for testing the constituents of interest and the operationally defined extraction procedures utilized.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Partial extraction of soils and sediments can provide information on the availability of elements to leeching, water quality changes, or other site conditions.  
4.2 Rapid heating, in combination with temperatures in excess of the atmospheric boiling point of nitric acid, reduces sample preparation or reaction times.  
4.3 Little or no acids are lost to boiling or evaporation in the closed digestion vessel so additional portions of acid may not be required. Increased blank corrections from trace impurities in acid are minimized.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the digestion of soils and sediments for subsequent determination of acid-extractable concentrations of certain elements by such techniques as atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy.  
1.1.1 Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and zinc can be extracted from the preceding materials. Other elements may be determined using this practice.  
1.2 The analytical sample is arbitrarily defined as that which passes a 10-mesh (approximately 2 mm openings) screen and is prepared according to Practice D3974.  
1.3 Actual element quantitation can be accomplished by following the various test methods under other appropriate ASTM standards for element(s) of interest.  
1.4 The detection limit and linear concentration range for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption or emission spectrophotometric technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used.  
1.5 Before selecting a digestion technique, the user should consult the appropriate quantitation standard(s) for any special analytical considerations, and Practice D3974 for any special preparatory considerations.  
1.6 The extent of extraction of elements from soils and sediments by this method is dependent upon the physical and mineralogic characteristics of the prepared sample.  
1.7 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information purposes only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice describes the maximum transit-rate ratios and depths that can be used for selected isokinetic suspended-sediment sampler/nozzle/container configurations in order to insure isokinetic sampling.  
5.2 This practice is designed to be used by field personnel collecting whole-water samples from open channel flow.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the maximum transit-rate ratios and depths for selected suspended-sediment sampler-nozzle-container configurations.  
1.2 This practice explains the reasons for limiting the transit-rate ratio and depths that suspended-sediment samplers can be correctly used.  
1.3 This practice give maximum transit-rate ratios and depths for selected isokinetic suspended-sediment sampler/nozzle/container size for samplers developed by the Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project.  
1.4 Throughout this practice, a samplers lowering rate is assumed to be equal to its raising rate.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The chemical analysis of sediments, collected from such locations as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans can provide information of environmental significance.  
5.2 Sediment samples are inherently heterogeneous in that they contain occluded water in varying and unpredictable amounts and may contain foreign objects or material not ordinarily considered as sediment, the inclusion of which would result in inaccurate analysis.  
5.3 Standard methods for separating foreign objects to facilitate homogenization will minimize errors due to poor mixing and inclusion of extraneous material.  
5.4 Standardized procedures for drying provide a means for reporting analytical values to a common dry weight basis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes standard procedures for preparation of test samples (including the removal of occluded water and moisture) of field samples collected from locations such as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans.  
1.2 These procedures are applicable to the determination of volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile constituents of sediments.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Note 3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flume designs are available for throat sizes of 1 in. (2.54 cm) to 50 ft (15.2 m) which cover maximum flows of 0.2 to 3000 ft3/s (0.0057 to 85 m3/s) (1) and (2).4 They can therefore be applied to a wide range of flows, with head losses that are moderate.  
5.2 The flume is self-cleansing for moderate solids transport and therefore is suited for wastewater and flows with sediment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the volumetric flowrate of water and wastewater in open channels with the Parshall flume.  
1.1.1 Information related to this test method can be found in ISO 1438 and ISO 4359.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thin-plate weirs are reliable and simple devices that have the potential for highly accurate flow measurements. With proper selection of the shape of the overflow section a wide range of discharges can be covered; the recommendations in this test method are based on experiments with flow rates from about 0.008 ft 3/s (0.00023 m  3/s) to about 50 ft 3/s (1.4 m 3/s).  
5.2 Thin-plate weirs are particularly suitable for use in water and wastewater without significant amounts of solids and in locations where a head loss is affordable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the volumetric flow rate of water and wastewater in channels with thin-plate weirs. Information related to this test method can be found in Rantz (1)2 and Ackers (2).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The chemical analysis of sediments, collected from such locations as streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans can provide information of environmental significance.  
5.2 These practices can be used with either suspended sediment (material actively transported by water) or bed sediment (material temporarily at rest on the bed of a water body).  
5.3 Standardized practices for digesting sediments, for subsequent chemical analysis, will facilitate inter- and intra-areal comparisons as well as comparison of data generated by different groups. The use of total digestions also eliminates the ambiguities and interpretational difficulties associated with partial digestions and the operational definitions that accompany them.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers two procedures for the total digestion of sediments for subsequent determination of metals by such techniques as flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, etc.  
1.2 This practice is applicable in the subsequent determination of volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile metals of sediments.  
1.3 Actual metal quantitation can be accomplished by following the various test methods outlined under other appropriate ASTM standards for the metal(s) of interest. Before selecting either of the digestion techniques outlined in this practice, the user should consult the appropriate quantitation standard(s) for any special analytical considerations, and Practice D3976 for any special preparatory considerations.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 15.5.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is particularly useful for determining the discharge when it cannot be measured directly (such as during high flow conditions) by some type of current meter to obtain velocities and with sounding weights to determine the cross section (refer to Test Method D3858). This test method requires only one high-water elevation, unlike the slope-area test method that requires numerous high-water marks to define the fall in the reach. It can be used to determine a stage-discharge relation without data from several high-water events.  
5.1.1 The user is encouraged to verify the theoretical stage-discharge relation with direct current-meter measurements when possible.  
5.1.2 To develop a rating curve, plot stage versus discharge for several discharges and their computed stages on a rating curve together with direct current-meter measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the computation of discharge of water in open channels or streams using representative cross-sectional characteristics, the water-surface elevation of the upstream-most cross section, and coefficients of channel roughness as input to gradually-varied flow computations.2  
1.2 This test method produces an indirect measurement of the discharge for one flow event, usually a specific flood. The computed discharge may be used to define a point on the stage-discharge relation.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to provide instructions for the selection of horizontal positioning equipment under a wide range of conditions encountered in measurement of water depth in surface water bodies. These conditions, that include physical conditions at the measuring site, the quality of data required, the availability of appropriate measuring equipment, and the distances over which the measurements are to be made (including cost considerations), that govern the selection process. A step-by-step procedure for obtaining horizontal position is not discussed. This guide is to be used in conjunction with standard guide on measurement of surface water depth (such as standard Practice D5173.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures commonly used to establish a measurement of horizontal position during investigations of surface water bodies that are as follows:    
Sections  
Procedure A—Manual Measurement  
7 to 12  
Procedure B—Optical Measurement  
13 to 17  
Procedure C—Electronic Measurement  
18 to 27  
1.1.1 The narrative specifies horizontal positioning terminology and describes manual, optical, and electronic measuring equipment and techniques.  
1.2 The references cited contain information that may help in the design of a high quality measurement program.  
1.3 The information provided on horizontal positioning is descriptive in nature and not intended to endorse any particular item of manufactured equipment or procedure.  
1.4 This guide pertains to determining horizontal position of a depth measurement in quiescent or low velocity flow.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although Palmer-Bowlus flumes can be used in many types of open channels, they are particularly adaptable for permanent or temporary installation in circular sewers. Commercial flumes are available for use in sewers from 4 in. to 6 ft (0.1 to 1.8 m) in diameter.  
5.2 A properly designed and operated Palmer-Bowlus is capable of providing accurate flow measurements while introducing a relatively small head loss and exhibiting good sediment and debris-passing characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the volumetric flow rate of water and wastewater in sewers and other open channels with Palmer-Bowlus flumes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a general practice intended to give direction in the selection of depth measuring procedures and equipment for use under a wide range of conditions encountered in surface water bodies. Physical conditions at the measuring site, the quality of data required, and the availability of appropriate measuring equipment govern the selection process. A step-by-step procedure for actually obtaining a depth measurement is not discussed. This practice is to be used in conjunction with a practice on positioning techniques and another practice on bathymetric survey procedures to obtain horizontal location and bottom elevations of points on a water body.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice guides the user in selection of procedures commonly used to measure depth in water bodies that are as follows:    
Sections  
Procedure A—Manual Measurement  
6 through 11  
Procedure B—Electronic Sonic-Echo Sounding  
12 through 13  
Procedure C—Electronic Nonacoustic Measurement  
14 through 15
The text specifies depth measuring terminology, describes measurement of depth by manual and electronic equipment, outlines specific uses of electronic sounders, and describes an electronic procedure for depth measurement other than using sonar.  
1.2 The references cited and listed at the end of this practice contain information that may help in the design of a high quality measurement program.  
1.3 The information provided on depth measurement is descriptive in nature and not intended to endorse any particular item of manufactured equipment or procedure.  
1.4 This practice pertains to depth measurement in quiescent or low-velocity flow. For depth measurement related to stream gauging, see Test Method D3858. For depth measurements related to reservoir surveys, see Guide D4581.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to determine the gauge height or elevation of a river or other body of water above a given datum.  
4.2 Water level data can serve as an easily recorded parameter, and through use of a stage-discharge relation provide an indirect value of stream discharge, often at a gauging station.  
4.3 These test methods can be used in conjunction with other determinations of biological, physical, or chemical properties of waters.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover equipment and procedures used in obtaining water levels of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs or other water bodies. Three types of equipment are available as follows:    
Test Method A—Nonrecording water-level measurement devices  
Test Method B—Recording water-level measurement devices  
Test Method C—Remote-interrogation water-level measurement devices  
1.2 The procedures detailed in these test methods are widely used by those responsible for investigations of streams, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries, for example, the U.S. Agricultural Research Service, the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, and the U.S. Geological Survey.2 The referenced ISO standard also furnishes useful information.  
1.3 It is the responsibility of the user of these test methods to determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedure to meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems is necessary, and data requirements and environmental operating conditions must be considered in equipment selection.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Suspended-sediment samples contain particles with a wide variety of physical characteristics. By presenting alternate approaches, these test methods allow latitude in selecting analysis methods that work best with the particular samples under study.  
4.2 Sediment-concentration data are used for many purposes that include: (1) computing suspended-sediment discharges of streams or sediment yields of watersheds, (2) scheduling treatments of industrial and domestic water supplies, and (3) estimating discharges of pesticides, plant nutrients, and heavy metals transported on surfaces or inside sediment particles.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of sediment concentrations in water and wastewater samples collected from lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, and other water bodies. In lakes and other quiescent-water bodies, concentrations of sediment in samples are nearly equal to concentrations at sampling points; in most instances, sample concentrations are not strongly influenced by collection techniques. In rivers and other flowing-water bodies, concentrations of sediment in samples depend upon the manner in which the samples are collected. Concentrations in isokinetically-collected samples can be multiplied by water discharges to obtain sediment discharges in the vicinity of the sampling points.  
1.2 The procedures given in these test methods are used by the Agricultural Research Service, Geological Survey, National Resources Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and other agencies responsible for studying water bodies. These test methods are adapted from a laboratory-procedure manual2 and a quality-assurance plan.3  
1.3 These test methods include:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Evaporation  
8 to 13  
Test Method B—Filtration  
14 to 19  
Test Method C—Wet-Sieving-Filtration  
20 to 25  
1.4 Test Method A can be used only on sediments that settle within the allotted storage time of the samples which usually ranges from a few days to a few weeks. A correction factor must be applied if dissolved-solids concentration exceeds about 10 % of the sediment concentration.  
1.5 Test Method B can be used only on samples containing sand concentrations less than about 10 000 ppm and clay concentrations less than about 200 ppm. The sediment need not be settleable because filters are used to separate water from the sediment. Correction factors for dissolved solids are not required.  
1.6 Test Method C can be used if two concentration values are required: one for sand-size particles and one for the combination of silt and clay-size particles. The silt-clay fraction need not be settleable.  
1.7 These test methods must not be confused with turbidity measurements discussed in Test Method D1889. Turbidity is the optical property of a sample that causes light rays to be scattered and absorbed; it is not an accurate measure of the mass or concentration of sediment in the sample.  
1.8 These test methods contain some procedures similar to those in Methods of Test D1888 which pertains to measuring particulate and dissolved matter in water.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is general and useful in helping the user to determine an appropriate manual test method for determining the particle size distribution of fluvial sediments. The suggested test methods are not described in this guide, but references are given so that the user may obtain more information about each test method.  
5.2 It should be noted that different test methods may and often times do produce different particle size distributions for the same sample. This is due in part to the different test methods requiring native or distilled water, differences in dispersion methods used, and differences in what the test method is measuring, that is, physical or sedimentation diameter.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of methods for determining the size distribution of fluvial sediments particles in the range greater than 0.45 μm using manual methods. Manual methods are defined as those methods that require the operator to do some actual measurements and calculations. An automated method would be one which, after the sample is prepared and inserted into an instrument, the instrument (machine) does the measuring and calculations, not the operator. Not all manual methods are presented in this guide. However, where available, at least two methods for each particle size range are given.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is general and is intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily sample a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design new sampling equipment or modify existing equipment. Because of the dynamic nature of the transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in samples depends upon the method of collection. Sediment discharge is highly variable both in time and space so numerous samples properly collected with correctly designed equipment are necessary to provide data for discharge calculations. General properties of both temporal and spatial variations are discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported by moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments transported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures do not apply to sediments transported by flotation.  
1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in special instances are of interest. However, much of the descriptive information on sampler requirements and sediment transport phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentrations, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specify suitable equipment. Additional information on this subject will be added in the future.  
1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards; however they do contain information that helps ensure standard design of equipment and procedures.  
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to determine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently accepted as representative of the state-of-the-art. As this situation changes, details will be added to this guide.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 12.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice supports test methods designed to evaluate the performance of fluid-filter media, for example, Practice F796 wherein particle size distributions are addressed and at the same time this practice provides a means to compare size measurements obtained from several different types of instruments.  
4.2 The factor for converting one kind of diameter scale to another is only valid for the specific test particles studied.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a procedure for comparing the sizes of nonspherical particles in a test sample determined with different types of automatic particle counters, which operate on different measuring principles.  
1.2 A scale factor is obtained by which, in the examination of a given powder, the size scale of one instrument may be multiplied to agree with the size scale of another.  
1.3 The practice considers rigid particles, free of fibers, of the kind used in studies of filtration, such as: commercially available test standards of quartz or alumina, or fly ash, or some powdered chemical reagent, such as iron oxide or calcium sulfate.  
1.4 Three kinds of automatic particle counters are considered:  
1.4.1 Image analyzers, which view stationary particles under the microscope and, in this practice, measure the longest end-to-end distance of an individual particle.  
1.4.2 Optical counters, which measure the area of a shadow cast by a particle as it passes by a window; and  
1.4.3 Electrical resistance counters, which measure the volume of a particle as it passes through an orifice in an electrically conductive liquid.  
1.5 This practice also considers the use of instruments that provide sedimentation analyses, which is to say provide measures of the particle mass distribution as a function of Stokes diameter. The practice provides a way to convert mass distribution into number distribution so that the meaning of Stokes diameter can be related to the diameter measured by the instruments in 1.4.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers core-sampling submerged, unconsolidated sediments. It also covers terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores. Sampling procedures and equipment are divided into categories based on water depth. Critical dimensions and properties of open-barrel and piston samplers like the cutting-bit angle, core-liner diameter, inside friction factor, outside friction factor, area factor, core-barrel length, barrel surfaces, and chemical composition of sampler parts shall conform to this standard guide. The following factors shall be considered for decisions in choosing between an open-barrel sampler and a piston sampler: depth of penetration, core compaction, flow-in distortion, surface disturbance, and repenetration. Driving techniques included in this guide are free core samplers, implosive and explosive samplers, punch-corer samplers, vibratory-driven samplers and impact-driven samplers. Guides are also included for collecting short cores in shallow water, collecting long cores in shallow water, and collecting short and long cores for a range of water depth. Field record shall be provided for every sampling operation. Guides are also provided for core extrusion for samplers with no liners, slitting core and core liners, sectioning cores, sampling through liner walls, preserving cores, and displaying cores.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers core-sampling terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores.  
1.2 In this guide, sampling procedures and equipment are divided into the following categories based on water depth: sampling in depths shallower than 0.5 m, sampling in depths between 0.5 m and 10 m, and sampling in depths exceeding 10 m. Each category is divided into two sections: equipment for collecting short cores and equipment for collecting long cores.  
1.3 This guide emphasizes general principles. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Because core sampling is a field-based operation, methods and equipment must usually be modified to suit local conditions. This modification process requires two essential ingredients: operator skill and judgment. Neither can be replaced by written rules.  
1.4 Drawings of samplers are included to show sizes and proportions. These samplers are offered primarily as examples (or generic representations) of equipment that can be purchased commercially or built from plans in technical journals.  
1.5 This guide is a brief summary of published scientific articles and engineering reports. These references are listed in this guide. These documents provide operational details that are not given in this guide but are nevertheless essential to the successful planning and completion of core sampling projects.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.3 and 11.5.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for the preparation of samples for use in collaborative tests, to evaluate methods during their development, and for the evaluation of the precision and bias of proposed test methods.  
5.2 Statements of the precision and bias are a mandatory part of ASTM test methods. Such an evaluation is necessary to provide guidance to the user as to the reliability of measurements that can be expected by its use. The statements are developed on the basis of user experience (ordinarily collaborative tests) with the test method.  
5.3 The availability of test samples is a key requirement for collaborative evaluation of test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes uniform general procedures for the development (preparation) and use of samples in the collaborative testing of methods for chemical analysis of sediments and similar materials.  
1.2 The principles of this practice are applicable to aqueous samples with suitable technical modifications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used where high accuracy of velocity or continuous discharge measurement over a long period of time is required and other test methods of measurement are not feasible due to low velocities in the channel, variable stage-discharge relations, complex stage-discharge relations, or the presence of marine traffic. It has the additional advantages of requiring no moving parts, introducing no head loss, and providing virtually instantaneous readings (1 to 100 readings per second).  
5.2 The test method may require a relatively large amount of site work and survey effort and is therefore most suitable for permanent or semi-permanent installations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of flow rate of water in open channels, streams, and closed conduits with a free water surface.  
1.2 The test method covers the use of acoustic transmissions to measure the average water velocity along a line between one or more opposing sets of transducers—by the time difference or frequency difference techniques.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is particularly useful to determine the discharge when it cannot be measured directly with some type of current meter to obtain velocities and sounding equipment to determine the cross section. See Test Method D3858.  
5.2 Even under the best of conditions, the personnel available cannot cover all points of interest during a major flood. The engineer or technician cannot always obtain reliable results by direct methods if the stage is rising or falling very rapidly, if flowing ice or debris interferes with depth or velocity measurements, or if the cross section of an alluvial channel is scouring or filling significantly.  
5.3 Under flood conditions, access roads may be blocked, cableways and bridges may be washed out, and knowledge of the flood frequently comes too late. Therefore, some type of indirect measurement is necessary. The use of culverts to determine discharges is a commonly used practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the computation of discharge (the volume rate of flow) of water in open channels or streams using culverts as metering devices. In general, this test method does not apply to culverts with drop inlets, and applies only to a limited degree to culverts with tapered inlets. Information related to this test method can be found in ISO 748 and ISO 1070.  
1.2 This test method produces the discharge for a flood event if high-water marks are used. However, a complete stage-discharge relation may be obtained, either manually or by using a computer program, for a gauge located at the approach section to a culvert.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide describes stabilization criteria for recording field measurements of temperature, DO, SC, and pH.  
5.2 This guide describes the procedures used to calibrate and check meters to be used in the field to records these measurements and the procedures to be use in the field to obtain these data.  
5.3 This guide describes quality assurance procedures to be followed when obtaining cross-sectional means of temperature, DO, SC, and pH of water flowing in open channels.  
5.4 Field measurement must accurately represent the water flowing in the open channel being measured. Methods need to be used that will result in an accurate representation of the mean of the parameter of interest. Procedures must be used that will take into consideration the variation in the parameter across the sections and with depth.  
5.5 Temperature and DO must be measured directly in the water in the open channel. SC and pH are often measured in situ, but also may be measured in a subsample of a composite sample collected using discharge-weighted methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures to collect cross-sectional means of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), specific electrical conductance (SC), and pH of water flowing in open channels.  
1.2 This guide provides guidelines for preparation and calibration of the equipment to collect cross-sectional means of temperature, DO, SC, and pH of water flowing in open channels.  
1.3 This guide describes what equipment should be used to collect cross-sectional means of temperature, DO, SC, and pH of water flowing in open channels.  
1.4 This guide covers the cross-sectional means of temperature, DO, SC, and pH of fresh water flowing in open channels.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.  
5.2 The criteria will address only the collection of data on noncohesive sediment. A noncohesive sediment is one that consists of discrete particles and whose movement depends on the particular properties of the particles themselves (1). These properties can include particle size, shape, density, and position on the streambed with respect to other particles. Generally, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders are considered to be noncohesive sediments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria for a complete sediment data set.  
1.2 This guide provides guidelines for the collection of non-cohesive sediment alluvial data.  
1.3 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Solvent extraction of soils and sediments can provide information on the availability of petroleum hydrocarbons to leaching, water quality changes, or other site conditions.  
5.2 Rapid heating, in combination with temperatures in excess of the atmospheric boiling point of acetone/hexane, reduces sample preparation or extraction times.  
5.3 Reduced amounts of solvents are required and solvent loss due to boiling and evaporation are eliminated by use of closed extraction vessels.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the solvent extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from soils and sediments, using closed vessel microwave heating, for subsequent determination by gravimetric or gas chromatographic techniques.  
1.2 This practice is recommended only for solid samples that can pass through a ten mesh screen (approximately 2 mm openings).  
1.3 The solvent extract obtained by this practice may be analyzed for total or specific nonvolatile and semivolatile petroleum hydrocarbons but may require sample clean-up procedures prior to specific compound analysis.  
1.4 This practice is limited to solvents that are recommended for use in microwave solvent extraction systems.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound values given for units of pressure are to be regarded as standard; SI unit conversions are shown in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 9.

SCOPE
1.1 These terms are to be used by persons involved in collecting, reporting, and interpreting information pertaining to sedimentation and hydrologic processes as they apply in the development, use, control, and conservation of water and land resources.  
1.2 Some listed terms and definitions are from other ASTM standards and the source document is given in bold type at the end of the definition.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is particularly useful for determining the discharge at a gaging station or a location where discharge information is repeatedly needed.  
5.2 This practice is applicable only for open-channel flow conditions where channel hydraulics permit a stable relation between stage and discharge.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the development of a curve relating stage (elevation) to discharge. Standard test methods have been documented for measuring discharge and for measuring stage (see Practice D3858, and Test Methods D5129, D5130, D5243, D5388, and D5413). This practice takes the discharge and stage determined by each respective test method and shows a relation between them using a curved line. This curved line is called a stage-discharge relation or rating curve.  
1.2 The procedures described in this practice are used commonly by those responsible for investigations of streamflow, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S Agriculture Research Service. For the most part, these procedures are adapted from reports of the U.S. Geological Survey.2,3  
1.3 The procedures described in this practice apply only to simple freely flowing open-channel flow. Ratings for complex hydraulic conditions of extremely low slope channels using multiple-stage inputs, channels affected by man-induced regulation, or tidal conditions are not described. These types of ratings are described in detail in the documents listed in Footnotes 2 and 3.2,3  
1.4 This practice uses the results of current-meter discharge measurements or indirect discharge measurements and the corresponding measured stage to define as much of the stage-discharge relation curve as possible. A theoretical curve is developed for the full range of stage and discharge to shape the curve.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The accuracy of depth measurements made by a fathometer or echo sounder requires a number of corrections because of the variability of sound or acoustic velocity in water with changes in temperature, salinity, and depth of water. In addition instability of the equipment can also result in significant errors. For additional information see Practice D5073.  
4.2 Calibration of echo sounding instruments is absolutely critical in assuring the adequacy of depth measurements. When an echo sounder has been accurately calibrated, any observed (recorded) depth can be related to the true depth of water. Since the intended purpose of echo sounding is to measure the “true” depth, an independent “true” reference must be used.  
4.3 A bar-check is the most wide-spread, easiest to construct, and most economical mechanical method to determine corrections for instrument and velocity errors.  
4.4 This procedure explains the calibration of a fathometer or electronic depth sounder using a bar-check.  
4.5 Bar-checking techniques and equipment are general in nature and may need to be modified for use in specific field conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the user with procedures used in manually calibrating the fathometer or electronic depth sounder. This narrative describes calibration terminology, describes acceptable environmental conditions for calibration, and describes the calibration procedures.  
1.2 The references cited contain useful information in the construction and the correct operation of the calibration equipment.  
1.3 Any references cited in this narrative to specific products or brand names are made for information only, and is intended to be descriptive, but not restrictive, of products that will perform satisfactorily.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Partial extraction of soils and sediments can provide information on the availability of elements to leeching, water quality changes, or other site conditions.  
4.2 Rapid heating, in combination with temperatures in excess of the atmospheric boiling point of nitric acid, reduces sample preparation or reaction times.  
4.3 Little or no acids are lost to boiling or evaporation in the closed digestion vessel so additional portions of acid may not be required. Increased blank corrections from trace impurities in acid are minimized.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the digestion of soils and sediments for subsequent determination of acid-extractable concentrations of certain elements by such techniques as atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy.  
1.1.1 Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and zinc can be extracted from the preceding materials. Other elements may be determined using this practice.  
1.2 The analytical sample is arbitrarily defined as that which passes a 10-mesh (approximately 2-mm openings) screen and is prepared according to Practice D3974.  
1.3 Actual element quantitation can be accomplished by following the various test methods under other appropriate ASTM standards for element(s) of interest.  
1.4 The detection limit and linear concentration range for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption or emission spectrophotometric technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used.  
1.5 Before selecting a digestion technique, the user should consult the appropriate quantitation standard(s) for any special analytical considerations, and Practice D3974 for any special preparatory considerations.  
1.6 The extent of extraction of elements from soils and sediments by this method is dependent upon the physical and mineralogic characteristics of the prepared sample.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a general practice intended to give direction in the selection of depth measuring procedures and equipment for use under a wide range of conditions encountered in surface water bodies. Physical conditions at the measuring site, the quality of data required, and the availability of appropriate measuring equipment govern the selection process. A step-by-step procedure for actually obtaining a depth measurement is not discussed. This practice is to be used in conjunction with a practice on positioning techniques and another practice on bathymetric survey procedures to obtain horizontal location and bottom elevations of points on a water body.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice guides the user in selection of procedures commonly used to measure depth in water bodies that are as follows:    
Sections  
Procedure A—Manual Measurement  
6 through 11  
Procedure B—Electronic Sonic-Echo Sounding  
12 through 13  
Procedure C—Electronic Nonacoustic Measurement  
14 through 15
The text specifies depth measuring terminology, describes measurement of depth by manual and electronic equipment, outlines specific uses of electronic sounders, and describes an electronic procedure for depth measurement other than using sonar.  
1.2 The references cited and listed at the end of this practice contain information that may help in the design of a high quality measurement program.  
1.3 The information provided on depth measurement is descriptive in nature and not intended to endorse any particular item of manufactured equipment or procedure.  
1.4 This practice pertains to depth measurement in quiescent or low-velocity flow. For depth measurement related to stream gauging, see Test Method D3858. For depth measurements related to reservoir surveys, see Guide D4581.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for the preparation of stable, representative, oxidized, relatively unpolluted, aquatic natural-matrix bed-sediment reference test samples. When prepared as described, such test samples should be useful for collaborative methods testing, to evaluate the precision and bias of test methods, and to evaluate test methods performance during their development.  
5.2 The availability of defined representative natural-matrix reference or test samples, closely approximating a variety of typical environmental samples, is a key requirement for the effective collaborative methods evaluation and development of test methods, and quality assurance testing. When the composition of the reference or test samples has been determined, either for operationally defined “total recoverable” leaching techniques, or for “total analysis” determined by total dissolution, the defined samples should also be suitable for analytical quality assurance testing.  
5.3 Certified analyses of most rock, sediment, sludge, and soil reference samples are typically based on the total amount of each constituent of interest in the entire sample. “Total” chemical analysis of these samples generally requires complete decomposition or dissolution of the standard material. These are the only feasible analytical approaches if knowledge of finite concentrations for each element of interest in the entire sample is required. Certain instrumental methods, such as X-ray fluorescence or neutron activation analysis, may provide information as to the total constituent composition without sample destruction.  
5.4 Partial chemical extraction of sediments, or “total recoverable” analyses (operationally defined procedures) for selecting constituents, frequently are useful for defining “available” constituent concentrations. In addition, partial chemical extractions may also provide data on partitioning, phase associations, or on how trace elements are entrained. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers uniform procedures to develop, select, collect, prepare, and use oxidized, relatively unpolluted, aquatic natural-matrix bed-sediment reference samples for the collaborative testing of chemical methods of analysis for sediments and similar materials. Reference samples prepared using this practice are intended for use as natural sediments, analyzable for major, minor, and trace elements, and general physical/organic analyses only. The samples are not designed or tested for environmental pollutants such as trace organic compounds.  
1.2 Few, if any, aquatic sediment reference materials have been certified, defined, or are even available for developing or evaluating partial and sequential extraction procedures. This practice describes factors and considerations in site selection, sample characteristics, collection, and subsequent raw sample treatment needed to prepare natural-matrix bed-material sediments for use as partial or sequential extraction procedure reference test samples. The user of this practice is cautioned that in light of the many variables that may affect natural materials, neither the list of factors included for evaluation nor preparation of natural-matrix reference samples should be considered as all inclusive. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity and applicability of these practices for preparing specific-matrix samples appropriate for testing the constituents of interest and the operationally defined extraction procedures utilized.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, settling, and filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides a rapid means of process control for when, how, and to what extent the water must be treated to meet specifications.  
5.2 This test method is suitable to turbidity such as that found in drinking water, process water, and high purity industrial water.  
5.3 When reporting the measured result, appropriate units should also be reported. The units are reflective of the technology used to generate the result, and if necessary, provide more adequate comparison to historical data sets.  
5.3.1 Table 1 describes technologies and reporting results (see also Refs (1-3)6). Those technologies listed are appropriate for the range of measurement prescribed in this test method. Others may come available in the future. Fig. X5.1 provides a flow chart to aid in selection of the appropriate technology for low-level static turbidity applications.  
5.3.2 If a design that falls outside of the criteria listed in Table 1 is used, the turbidity should be reported in turbidity units (TU) with a subscripted wavelength value to characterize the light source that was used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static determination of turbidity in water (see 4.1).  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities under 5.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).  
1.3 This test method was tested on municipal drinking water, ultra-pure water, and low turbidity samples. It is the users responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 This test method uses calibration standards are defined in NTU values, but other assigned turbidity units are assumed to be equivalent.  
1.5 This test method assigns traceable reporting units to the type of respective technology that was used to perform the measurement. Units are numerically equivalent with respect to the calibration standard. For example, a 1.0 NTU formazin standard is also equal to a 1.0 FNU standard, a 1.0 FNRU standard, and so forth.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to the MSDSs for all chemicals used in this test method.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity at the levels defined in the scope of this test method are often monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of water environments and determine the impact of changes in response to environmental events (weather events, floods, etc.). Turbidity is often undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, sedimentation, and various levels of filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides an indicator of contamination, and is a vital measurement for monitoring the characteristics and or quality within the sample’s source or process.  
5.2 This test method does overlap Test Method D6855 for the range of 1–5 TU. If the predominant measurement falls below 1.0 TU with occasional spikes above this value, Test Method D6855 may be more applicable. For measurements that are consistently above 1 TU, this test method is applicable.  
5.3 This test method is suitable to turbidity such as that found in all waters that measure above 1 NTU. Examples include environmental waters (streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries), processes associated with water pollution control plants (wastewater treatment plants), and various industrial processes involving water with noticeable turbidity. For measurement of cleaner waters, refer to Test Method D6855.  
5.4 The appropriate measurement range for a specific technology or instrument type that should be utilized is at or below 80 % of full-scale capability for the respective instrument or technology. Measurements above this level may not be dependable.  
5.4.1 Dilutions of waters are not recommended, especially in the case of samples with rapidly settling particles (that is, sediments). It is recommended that an appropriate instrument design that covers the expected range be selected to avoid the need to perform dilutions.  
5.5 Technologi...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static determination of turbidity in water. Static refers to a sample that is removed from its source and tested in an isolated instrument. (See Section 4.)  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities greater than 1.0 turbidity unit (TU). The upper end of the measurement range was left undefined because different technologies described in this test method can cover very different ranges. The round robin study covered the range of 0–4000 turbidity units because instrument verification in this range can typically be covered by standards that can be consistently reproduced.  
1.3 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies.
TABLE 1 Summary of Known Instrument Designs, Applications, Ranges, and Reporting Units    
Design and
Reporting Unit  
Prominent Application  
Key Design Features  
Typical
Instrument Range  
Suggested
Application Ranges  
Nephelometric non-ratio (NTU)  
White light turbidimeters. Comply with U.S. EPA Method 180.1 for low level turbidity monitoring.  
Detector centered at 90° relative to the incident light beam. Uses a white light spectral source.  
0.0–40  
0.0–40 Regulatory  
Ratio White Light turbidimeters (NTRU)  
Complies with ISWTR regulations and Standard Method 2130B. Can be used for both low and high level measurement.  
Used a white light spectral source. Primary detector centered at 90°. Other detectors located at other angles. An instrument algorithm uses a combination of detector readings to generate the turbidity reading.  
0–10 000  
0–40 Regulatory
0–10 000 other  
Nephelometric, near-IR turbidimeters, non-ratiomet...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is a measure of scattered light that results from the interaction between a beam of light and particulate material in a liquid sample. Particulate material is typically undesirable in water from a health perspective and its removal is often required when the water is intended for consumption. Thus, turbidity has been used as a key indicator for water quality to assess the health and quality of environmental water sources. Higher turbidity values are typically associated with poorer water quality.  
5.1.1 Turbidity is also used in environmental monitoring to assess the health and stability of water-based ecosystems such as in lakes, rivers and streams. In general, the lower the turbidity, the healthier the ecosystem.  
5.2 Turbidity measurement is a qualitative parameter for water but its traceability to a primary light scatter standard allows the measurement to be applied as a quantitative measurement. When used as a quantative measurement, turbidity is typically reported generically in turbidity units (TUs).  
5.2.1 Turbidity measurements are based on the instruments’ calibration with primary standard reference materials. These reference standards are traceable to formazin concentrate (normally at a value of 4000 TU). The reference concentrate is linearly diluted to provide calibration standard values. Alternative standard reference materials, such as SDVB co-polymer or stabilized formazin, are manufactured to match the formazin polymer dilutions and provide highly consistent and stable values for which to calibrate turbidity sensors.
5.2.1.1 When used for regulatory compliance reporting, specific turbidity calibration standards may be required. The user of this guide should check with regulatory entities regarding specifics of allowable calibration standard materials.  
5.2.2 The traceability to calibrations from different technologies (and other calibration standards) to primary formazin standards provides for a basis for defined turbidity uni...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the best practices for use of various turbidimeter designs for measurement of turbidity in waters including: drinking water, wastewater, industrial waters, and for regulatory and environmental monitoring. This guide covers both continuous and static measurements.  
1.1.1 In principle there are three basic applications for on-line measurement set ups. The first is the bypass or slipstream technique; a portion of sample is transported from the process or sample stream and to the turbidimeter for analysis. It is then either transported back to the sample stream or to waste. The second is the in-line measurement; the sensor is submerged directly into the sample or process stream, which is typically contained in a pipe. The third is in-situ where the sensor is directly inserted into the sample stream. The in-situ principle is intended for the monitoring of water during any step within a processing train, including immediately before or after the process itself.  
1.1.2 Static covers both benchtop and portable designs for the measurement of water samples that are captured into a cell and then measured.  
1.2 Depending on the monitoring goals and desired data requirements, certain technologies will deliver more desirable results for a given application. This guide will help the user align a technology to a given application with respect to best practices for data collection.  
1.3 Some designs are applicable for either a lower or upper measurement range. This guide will help provide guidance to the best-suited technologies based given range of turbidity.  
1.4 Modern electronic turbidimeters are comprised of many parts that can cause them to produce different results on samples. The wavelength of incident light used, detector type, detector angle, number of detectors (and angles), and optical pathlength are all design criteria that may be different among instruments. When these sensors are all calibra...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is general and intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily monitor a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design specific installation structures or modify those given in this guide to meet the requirements of the site in question. Because of the dynamic nature of the sediment transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in the monitoring program depends on the type of equipment used and method of collection of the SSC samples used to calibrate the optical readings. Sediment concentration is highly variable in both time and space. Numerous samples must be collected and analyzed with proper equipment and standardized methods for the rating of the optical equipment at a particular site (see Guide D4411 and Practice D3977).  
5.2 All optical equipment have an upper limit for valid readings, beyond which the meter will not read properly, commonly referred to as “blacking out.” If upper range of SSC are expected to cause optical instrument black out, then some other means should be devised, such as automatic pumping samplers, to collect samples during this period. See Edwards and Glysson (1)3 and Glysson (2) for information on collection of suspended sediment samples using pumping samplers. It should be noted that other technologies, such as lasers and acoustic dopplers, are also being used to monitor SSC continuously.  
5.3 The user of this guide should realize that because different technologies and different models of the same technology of turbidity meters can produce significantly different outputs for the same environmental sample, only one manufacturer and model of the turbidity meter can be used to develop the relationship between the SSC and turbidity readings at a site. If a different manufacturer or a different model type of turbidity meter is used, a new relationship will need to be develop for the site.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for installation, operation, and calibration of optical equipment as a surrogate for the continuous determination of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in open channel flow.  
1.2 This guide emphasizes general principles for the application of optical measurements to be used to estimate suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in water. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Continuous monitoring is a field-based operation, methods and equipment are usually modified to suit local conditions. The modification process depends upon the operator skill and judgment.  
1.3 This guide covers the use of the output from an optical instrument, such as turbidity and suspended-solids meters, to record data that can be correlated with suspended-sediment concentration. It does not cover the process of collecting data for continuous turbidity record, which would require additional calibration of the turbidity readings to the mean turbidity of the measurement cross section. For the purposes of this method it is assumed that the dependent variable will be mean cross-sectional suspended-sediment concentration data.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Industrialized and urban areas have been found to deposit a number of toxic elements into environments where those elements were previously either not present or were found in trace amounts. Consequently, it is important to be able to measure the concentration of these pollution-deposited elements to properly study pollution effects.  
5.2 This procedure is concerned with the pollution-related trace elements that are described in 4.1 rather than those elements incorporated in the silicate lattices of the minerals from which the sediments were derived. These pollution-related trace elements are released into the water and readsorbed by the sediments with changes in general water quality, pH in particular. These elements are a serious source of pollution. The elements locked in the silicate lattices are not readily available in the biosphere (1-8).  
5.3 When comparing the trace element concentrations, it is important to consider the particle sizes to be analyzed (8, 9).  
5.3.1 The finer the particle the greater the surface area. Consequently, a potentially greater amount of a given trace element can be adsorbed on the surface of fine, particulate samples (4). For particle sizes smaller than 80 mesh, metal content is no longer dependent on surface area. Therefore, if this portion of the sediment is used, the analysis with respect to sample type (that is, sand, salt, or clay) is normalized. It has also been observed that the greatest contrast between anomalous and background samples is obtained when less than 80-mesh portion of the sediment is used (4, 5).  
5.3.2 After the samples have been dried, care must be taken not to grind the sample in such a way to alter the natural particle-size distribution (14.1). Fracturing a particle disrupts the silicate lattice and makes available those elements which otherwise are not easily digested (6). Normally, aggregates of dried, natural soils, sediments, and many clays dissociate once the reagents are added (14.3 and 1...
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe the partial extraction of soils, bottom sediments, suspended sediments, and waterborne materials to determine the extractable concentrations of certain trace elements.  
1.1.1 Practice A is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, boron, barium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, sodium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is the more vigorous and more complicated of the two.  
1.1.2 Practice B is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is less vigorous and less complicated than Practice A.  
1.2 These practices describe three means of preparing samples prior to digestion:  
1.2.1 Freeze-drying.  
1.2.2 Air-drying at room temperature.  
1.2.3 Accelerated air-drying, for example, 95°C.  
1.3 The detection limit and linear concentration range of each procedure for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption spectrophotometric or other technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used. Also see various ASTM test methods for determining specific metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometric techniques.  
1.3.1 The sensitivity of the practice can be adjusted by varying the sample size (14.2) or the dilution of the sample (14.6), or both.  
1.4 Extractable trace element analysis provides more information than total metal analysis for the detection of pollutants, since absorption, complexation, and precipitation are the methods by which metals from polluted waters are retained in sediments.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are incl...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of aquatic environments and to determine the impact of environmental events such as storms, floods, runoff, etc. Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant-effluent waters, water for food and beverage production, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Turbidity is often reduced by coagulation, sedimentation and water filtration. The measurement of turbidity may indicate the presence of particle-bound contaminants and is vital for monitoring the completion of a particle-waste settling process. Significant uses of turbidity measurements include:  
5.1.1 Compliance with permits, water-quality guidelines, and regulations;  
5.1.2 Determination of transport and fate of particles and associated contaminants in aquatic systems;  
5.1.3 Conservation, protection and restoration of surface waters;  
5.1.4 Measure performance of water and land-use management;  
5.1.5 Monitor waterside construction, mining, and dredging operations;  
5.1.6 Characterization of wastewater and energy-production effluents;  
5.1.7 Tracking water-well completion including development and use; and  
5.1.8 As a surrogate for other constituents in water including sediment and sediment-associated constituents.  
5.2 The calibration range of a turbidimeter shall exceed the expected range of TU values for an application but shall not exceed the measurement range specified by the manufacturer.  
5.3 Designs described in this standard detect and respond to a combination of relative absorption, intensity of light scattering, and transmittance. However, they do not measure these absolute physical units as defined in 3.2.15 and 3.2.19.  
5.4 Several different turbidimeter designs may be used for this test method and one design may be better suited for a specific type of sample or monitoring application than another. The selection flowchart in Annex A1 provides guidance for th...
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1.1 This test method covers the in-situ field measurements of turbidity in surface water. The measurement range is greater than 1 TU and the lesser of 10 000 TU or the maximum measurable TU value specified by the turbidimeter manufacturer.  
1.1.1 Precision data was conducted on both real world and surrogate turbidity samples up to about 1000 TU. Many of the technologies listed in this test method are capable of measuring above that provided in the precision section (see Section 16).  
1.2 “In-situ measurement” refers in this test method to applications where the turbidimeter sensor is placed directly in the surface water in the field and does not require transport of a sample to or from the sensor. Surface water refers to springs, lakes, reservoirs, settling ponds, streams and rivers, estuaries, and the ocean.  
1.3 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies. This test method prescribes the assignment of a determined turbidity values to the technology used to determine those values. Numerical equivalence to turbidity standards is observed between different technologies but is not expected across a common sample. Improved traceability beyond the scope of this test method may be practiced and would include the listing of the make and model number of the instrument used to determine the turbidity values.  
1.4 In this test method, calibration standards are often defined in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1 FNU, a 1 FAU, a 1 BU, and so forth.  
1.5 This test method was tested on different natural waters and with standards th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The chemical analysis of sediments, collected from such locations as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans can provide information of environmental significance.  
5.2 Sediment samples are inherently heterogeneous in that they contain occluded water in varying and unpredictable amounts and may contain foreign objects or material not ordinarily considered as sediment, the inclusion of which would result in inaccurate analysis.  
5.3 Standard methods for separating foreign objects to facilitate homogenization will minimize errors due to poor mixing and inclusion of extraneous material.  
5.4 Standardized procedures for drying provide a means for reporting analytical values to a common dry weight basis.
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1.1 This practice describes standard procedures for preparation of test samples (including the removal of occluded water and moisture) of field samples collected from locations such as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans.  
1.2 These procedures are applicable to the determination of volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile constituents of sediments.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Note 3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice describes the maximum transit-rate ratios and depths that can be used for selected isokinetic suspended-sediment sampler/nozzle/container configurations in order to insure isokinetic sampling.  
5.2 This practice is designed to be used by field personnel collecting whole-water samples from open channel flow.
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1.1 This practice covers the maximum transit-rate ratios and depths for selected suspended-sediment sampler-nozzle-container configurations.  
1.2 This practice explains the reasons for limiting the transit-rate ratio and depths that suspended-sediment samplers can be correctly used.  
1.3 This practice give maximum transit-rate ratios and depths for selected isokinetic suspended-sediment sampler/nozzle/container size for samplers developed by the Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project.  
1.4 Throughout this practice, a samplers lowering rate is assumed to be equal to its raising rate.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for the preparation of stable, representative, oxidized, relatively unpolluted, aquatic natural-matrix bed-sediment reference test samples. When prepared as described, such test samples should be useful for collaborative methods testing, to evaluate the precision and bias of test methods, and to evaluate test methods performance during their development.  
5.2 The availability of defined representative natural-matrix reference or test samples, closely approximating a variety of typical environmental samples, is a key requirement for the effective collaborative methods evaluation and development of test methods, and quality assurance testing. When the composition of the reference or test samples has been determined, either for operationally defined “total recoverable” leaching techniques, or for “total analysis” determined by total dissolution, the defined samples should also be suitable for analytical quality assurance testing.  
5.3 Certified analyses of most rock, sediment, sludge, and soil reference samples are typically based on the total amount of each constituent of interest in the entire sample. “Total” chemical analysis of these samples generally requires complete decomposition or dissolution of the standard material. These are the only feasible analytical approaches if knowledge of finite concentrations for each element of interest in the entire sample is required. Certain instrumental methods, such as X-ray fluorescence or neutron activation analysis, may provide information as to the total constituent composition without sample destruction.  
5.4 Partial chemical extraction of sediments, or “total recoverable” analyses (operationally defined procedures) for selecting constituents, frequently are useful for defining “available” constituent concentrations. In addition, partial chemical extractions may also provide data on partitioning, phase associations, or on how trace elements are entrained. ...
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1.1 This practice covers uniform procedures to develop, select, collect, prepare, and use oxidized, relatively unpolluted, aquatic natural-matrix bed-sediment reference samples for the collaborative testing of chemical methods of analysis for sediments and similar materials. Reference samples prepared using this practice are intended for use as natural sediments, analyzable for major, minor, and trace elements, and general physical/organic analyses only. The samples are not designed or tested for environmental pollutants such as trace organic compounds.  
1.2 Few, if any, aquatic sediment reference materials have been certified, defined, or are even available for developing or evaluating partial and sequential extraction procedures. This practice describes factors and considerations in site selection, sample characteristics, collection, and subsequent raw sample treatment needed to prepare natural-matrix bed-material sediments for use as partial or sequential extraction procedure reference test samples. The user of this practice is cautioned that in light of the many variables that may affect natural materials, neither the list of factors included for evaluation nor preparation of natural-matrix reference samples should be considered as all inclusive. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity and applicability of these practices for preparing specific-matrix samples appropriate for testing the constituents of interest and the operationally defined extraction procedures utilized.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for the preparation of samples for use in collaborative tests, to evaluate methods during their development, and for the evaluation of the precision and bias of proposed test methods.  
5.2 Statements of the precision and bias are a mandatory part of ASTM test methods. Such an evaluation is necessary to provide guidance to the user as to the reliability of measurements that can be expected by its use. The statements are developed on the basis of user experience (ordinarily collaborative tests) with the test method.  
5.3 The availability of test samples is a key requirement for collaborative evaluation of test methods.
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1.1 This practice establishes uniform general procedures for the development, (preparation) and use of samples in the collaborative testing of methods for chemical analysis of sediments and similar materials.  
1.2 The principles of this practice are applicable to aqueous samples with suitable technical modifications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is useful when a systematic record of water surface elevation or discharge is required at a specific location. Some gaging stations may be operated for only a few months; however, many have been operated for a century.  
5.2 Gaging station records are used for many purposes:  
5.2.1 Resource appraisal of long-term records to determine the maximum, minimum, and variability of flows of a particular stream. These data can be used for the planning and design of a variety of surface water-related projects such as water supply, flood control, hydroelectric developments, irrigation, recreation, and waste assimilation.  
5.2.2 Management, where flow data are required for the operation of a surface-water structure or other management decision.
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1.1 The guide covers procedures used commonly for the systematic collection of streamflow information. Continuous streamflow information is necessary for understanding the amount and variability of water for many uses, including water supply, waste dilution, irrigation, hydropower, and reservoir design.  
1.2 The procedures described in this guide are used widely by those responsible for the collection of streamflow data, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Water Survey Canada, and many state and provincial agencies. The procedures are generally from internal documents of the preceding agencies, which have become the defacto standards used in North America.  
1.3 It is the responsibility of the user of the guide to determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedure to meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems is necessary, and data requirements and environmental operating conditions must be considered in equipment selection.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers core-sampling submerged, unconsolidated sediments. It also covers terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores. Sampling procedures and equipment are divided into categories based on water depth. Critical dimensions and properties of open-barrel and piston samplers like the cutting-bit angle, core-liner diameter, inside friction factor, outside friction factor, area factor, core-barrel length, barrel surfaces, and chemical composition of sampler parts shall conform to this standard guide. The following factors shall be considered for decisions in choosing between an open-barrel sampler and a piston sampler: depth of penetration, core compaction, flow-in distortion, surface disturbance, and repenetration. Driving techniques included in this guide are free core samplers, implosive and explosive samplers, punch-corer samplers, vibratory-driven samplers and impact-driven samplers. Guides are also included for collecting short cores in shallow water, collecting long cores in shallow water, and collecting short and long cores for a range of water depth. Field record shall be provided for every sampling operation. Guides are also provided for core extrusion for samplers with no liners, slitting core and core liners, sectioning cores, sampling through liner walls, preserving cores, and displaying cores.
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1.1 This guide covers core-sampling terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores.  
1.2 In this guide, sampling procedures and equipment are divided into the following categories based on water depth: sampling in depths shallower than 0.5 m, sampling in depths between 0.5 m and 10 m, and sampling in depths exceeding 10 m. Each category is divided into two sections: equipment for collecting short cores and equipment for collecting long cores.  
1.3 This guide emphasizes general principles. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Because core sampling is a field-based operation, methods and equipment must usually be modified to suit local conditions. This modification process requires two essential ingredients: operator skill and judgment. Neither can be replaced by written rules.  
1.4 Drawings of samplers are included to show sizes and proportions. These samplers are offered primarily as examples (or generic representations) of equipment that can be purchased commercially or built from plans in technical journals.  
1.5 This guide is a brief summary of published scientific articles and engineering reports. These references are listed in this guide. These documents provide operational details that are not given in this guide but are nevertheless essential to the successful planning and completion of core sampling projects.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.3 and 11.5.