ASTM C1293-95
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers uranium ore concentrate containing a minimum of 65 mass % uranium.
1.2 This specification does not include requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all applicable international, national, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, or using source nuclear material (see 2.2).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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Designation: C 1293 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Concrete Aggregates by Determination of Length Change of
Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates
for Concrete
1.1 This test method covers the determination, by measure-
C 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination
ment of length change of concrete prisms, of the susceptibility
of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
of a sample of an aggregate for participation in expansive
Concrete
alkali-silica reaction involving hydroxide ions associated with
C 511 Specification for Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and
alkalies (sodium and potassium).
Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Cements and Concretes
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C 702 Practice for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Testing Size
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
C 856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Concrete
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
standard. The inch-pound values in parentheses are for infor-
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
mation only.
2.2 CSA Standards:
2. Referenced Documents CSA A23.1-M90 Concrete Materials and Methods of Con-
crete Construction, Appendix B
2.1 ASTM Standards:
CSA A23.2-14A-M90 Potential Expansivity of Aggregates
C 1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
(Procedure for Length Change due to Alkali-Aggregate
Aggregates (Mortar Bar Method) (formerly Proposal
Reaction in Concrete Prisms)
P 214)
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
3. Terminology
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
3.1 Terminology used in this standard is as given in Termi-
Aggregates
nology C 125 or Descriptive Nomenclature C 294.
C 138 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Content
(Gravimetric) of Concrete
4. Significance and Use
C 143 Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Con-
4.1 Alkali-silica reaction is a chemical interaction between
crete
3 some siliceous constituents of concrete aggregates or particles
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
of such constituents in fine aggregates and hydroxyl ions (1).
C 157 Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
2 The concentration of hydroxyl ion within the concrete is
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
predominantly controlled by the concentration of sodium and
C 192 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-
2 potassium (2).
mens in the Laboratory
4.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the potential of
C 227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reaction of
2 an aggregate to expand deleteriously due to any form of
Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
alkali-silica reactivity (3,4).
C 289 Test Method for Potential Reactivity of Aggregates
2 4.3 When selecting a sample or deciding on the number of
(Chemical Method)
samples for test, it is important to recognize the variability in
C 294 Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of Natural
2 lithography of material from a given source, whether a deposit
Mineral Aggregates
of sand, gravel, or a rock formation of any origin. For specific
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-9 on Concrete
and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.26 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Chemical Reactions. Canadian Standards Association Standards for Concrete Construction, 173
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, Ontario Canada, MaW1R3.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. this test method.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1293
advice, see Guide C 295. bottom. Fill the container with water to a depth of 20 6 5mm
4.4 This test method is intended for evaluating the behavior above the bottom. A significant moisture loss is defined as a
of aggregates in an alkaline environment. This test method loss greater than 3 % of the original amount of water placed at
assesses the potential for deleterious expansion of concrete the bottom of the pail. Place a wick of absorbent material
caused by alkali-silica reaction, of either coarse or fine aggre- consisting of polypropylene fibers around the inside wall of the
gates, from tests performed under prescribed laboratory curing container from the top so that the bottom of the wick extends
conditions that will probably differ from field conditions. Thus, into the reagent water.
actual field performance will not be duplicated due to differ- 5.2.2 Alternative Containers—Alternative storage contain-
ences in wetting and drying, temperature, other factors, or ers may be used. Confirm the efficiency of the alternative
combinations of these (5). storage container with an alkali-reactive aggregate of known
4.5 Results of tests conducted as described herein should expansion characteristics. The expansion efficiency is con-
form a part of the basis for a decision as to whether precautions firmed when expansions at one year obtained using the
should be taken against excessive expansion due to alkali-silica alternative container are within 10 % of those obtained using
reaction. This decision should be made before a particular the recommended container. Alternative storage containers
aggregate is used in concrete construction. Criteria to deter- must contain the required depth of reagent water. When
mine the potential deleteriousness of expansions measured in reporting results, note the use of an alternative container, if one
this test are given in Appendix X1. is utilized, together with documentation proving compliance
4.6 The basic intent of this test method is to develop with the above.
information on a particular aggregate at a specific alkali level 5.3 The storage environment necessary to maintain the
3 3
of 5.25 kg/m (8.85 lb/yd ). It has been found that this high 38.0°C (100.4°F) reaction accelerating storage temperature
alkali level is required to identify certain deleteriously reactive consistently and homogeneously is described in 5.3.1.
aggregates (3). 5.3.1 Recommended Environment—The recommended stor-
4.7 When the expansions in this test method are greater than age environment is a sealed space insulated so as to minimize
the limit shown in X1.2, the aggregate is potentially alkali- heat loss. Provide a fan for air circulation so the maximum
reactive. Supplemental information should be developed to variation in temperature measured within 250 mm (9.8 in.) of
confirm that the expansion is actually due to alkali-silica the top and bottom of the space does not exceed 2.0°C (3.6°F).
reaction. Petrographic examination of the concrete prisms Provide an insulated entry door with adequate seals so as to
should be conducted after the test using Practice C 856 to minimize heat loss. Racks for storing containers within the
confirm that known reactive constituents are present and to space are not to be closer than 30 mm (1.2 in.) to the sides of
identify the products of alkali-silica reactivity. Confirmation of the enclosure and are to be perforated so as to provide air flow.
alkali-silica reaction is also derived from the results of the test Provide an automatically controlled heat source to maintain the
methods this procedure supplements (see Appendix X1). temperature at 38.0 6 2.0°C (100.4 6 3.6°F) (see Note 1).
4.8 If the supplemental tests show that a given aggregate is Record the ambient temperature and its variation within the
potentially deleteriously reactive, additional studies may be space to ensure compliance.
appropriate to evaluate preventive measures in order to allow
NOTE 1—It has been found to be good practice to monitor the efficiency
safe use of the aggregate. Preventive measures are mentioned
of the storage environment by placing thermocouples inside dummy
in Specification C 33.
concrete specimens inside a dummy container within the storage area. The
storage room described in Test Method C 227 generally will be satisfac-
5. Apparatus
tory.
5.1 The molds, the associated items for molding test speci-
5.3.2 Alternative Storage Environment—Use of an alterna-
mens, and the length comparator for measuring length change
tive storage environment is permitted. Confirm the efficiency
conform to the applicable requirements of Test Method C 157
of the alternative storage container with an alkali-reactive
and Practice C 490, and shall have square cross sections of 8
aggregate of known expansion characteristics. The expansion
75.0 6 0.7 mm (3.00 6 0.03 in.).
efficiency is confirmed when expansions at one year obtained
5.2 The storage container options required to maintain the
using the alternative storage environment are within 10 % of
prisms at a high relative humidity are described in 5.2.1.
those obtained using the recommended environment. When
5.2.1 Recommended Container—The recommended con-
reporting the results, note the use of an alternative storage
tainers are 22-litre (5-gal) polyethylene pails with airtight lids
environment, if one is utilized, together with documentation
and approximate dimensions of 250- to 270-mm (9.8- to
proving compliance with the above.
10.6-in.) diameter at bottom, 290 to 310 mm (11.4 to 12.2 in.)
at top, by 450 to 480 mm (17.7 to 18.9 in.) high. Prevent
6. Reagents
significant loss of enclosed moisture due to evaporation with
6.1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)—USP or technical grade
airtight lid seal. Place a perforated rack in the bottom of the
may be used.
storage container so that the prisms are 30 to 40 mm above the
7 8
Polyethylene pails used in the food industry have been found to be suitable. Non-reactive aggregates and alkali-silica reactive aggregates of known expan-
Twenty two-litre pails (Model Nos.: pail, 5251; lid, 63493), are available from IPL sion characteristics (6) are available from The Petrographer, Engineering Materials
Products Ltd., 348 Park Street, Suite 201, East Building, North Reading, Mass. Office, Ministry of Transportation, 1201 Wilson Ave., Downsview, Ontario, Canada,
01864. M3M1J8.
C 1293
NOTE 2—Precaution: Before using NaOH, review: (1) the safety
sieve is of such a composition and lithology that no difference
precautions for using NaOH; (2) first aid for burns; and (3) the emergency
should be expected compared with the smaller size material,
response to spills as described in the manufacturers Material Safety Data
then no further attention need be paid to the larger sizes. If
Sheet or other reliable safety literature. NaOH can cause severe burns and
petrographic examination suggests the larger size material to
injury to unprotected skin and eyes. Always use suitable personal
be more reactive, the material should be studied for its effect in
protective equipment including: full-face shields, rubber aprons, and
concrete according to one or the other alternative procedures
gloves impervious to NaOH (Check periodically for pinholes.).
described herein:
6.2 Water:
7.2.3.1 Proportional Testing—Crush material larger than
6.2.1 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water are
3 3
the 19.0-mm ( ⁄4-in.) sieve to pass the 19.0-mm ( ⁄4-in.) sieve.
understood to mean potable tap water.
Grade the material passing the 19.0-mm ( ⁄4-in.) sieve as per
6.2.2 The references to reagent grade water are understood
the Table 1 grading, and proportionally add back to the original
to mean reagent water as defined by Type III or IV in
minus 19.0-mm ( ⁄4-in.) grading so as to include the oversized
Specification D 1193.
material in a mass proportion equal to its original grading
percentage.
7. Materials
7.2.3.2 Separated Size Testing—Crush material larger than
7.1 Cement—Use a cement meeting the requirements for a
3 3
the 19.0-mm ( ⁄4-in.) sieve to pass the 19.0-mm ( ⁄4-in.) sieve,
Type I Portland cement as specified in Specification C 150. The
grade that material as per Table 1 and test in concrete as a
cement must have a total alkali content of 0.9 6 0.1 % Na O
separate aggregate.
equivalent (Na Oeq is calculated as percent
7.3 Concrete Mixture Proportions—Proportion the concrete
Na O + 0.658 3 percent K O). Determine the total alkali con-
2 2
mixture to the following requirements:
tent of the cement either by analysis or by obtaining a mill run
3 3
7.3.1 Cement Content—420 6 10 kg/m (708 6 17 lb/ yd ).
certificate from the cement manufacturer. Add NaOH to the
7.3.2 Volume of Coarse Aggregate Per Unit of Volume of
concrete mixing water so as to increase the alkali content of the
Concrete—Use a coarse aggregate oven-dry-rodded unit vol-
mixture, expressed as Na Oeq, to 1.25 % by mass of cement
ume of 0.70 6 0.2 % for all classes of aggregates (for example,
(see Note 3).
lightweight, normal, and heavy weight).
NOTE 3—The value of 1.25 % Na O equivalent by mass of cement has
7.3.3 Water to Cement Ratio—Maintain water-to-cement
been chosen to accelerate the process of expansion rather than to
ratio in the range of 0.42 to 0.45 by mass. Adjust the
reproduce field conditions.
water-to-cement ratio within this range to give sufficient
7.2 Aggregates:
workability to permit satisfactory compaction of the concrete
7.2.1 To evaluate the reactivity of a coarse aggregate, use a
in the molds. Report the water-to-cement ratio used.
nonreactive fine aggregate. A nonreactive fine aggregate is
7.3.4 Admixture (NaOH)—Dissolve in the mixing water and
defined as an aggregate that develops an expansion in the
add as required to bring the alkali content of the concrete
accelerated mortar bar, (see Test Method C 1260) of less than
mixture, expressed as Na Oeq, up to 1.25 % by mass of cement
0.10 % at 14 days (see X1.5 for interpretation of expansion
(see Note 4). Use no other admixture in the concrete.
data). Use a fine aggregate meeting all the requirements for
NOTE 4—A sample calculation for determining the amount of NaOH to
concrete aggregates (see Specification C 33) with a fineness
be added to the mixing water to increase the alkali content of the ce
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