ASTM D4687-95(2001)
(Guide)Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) which are common to most waste sampling situations.
1.2 The aspects of sampling which this guide addresses are as follows: SectionSafety plans4Sampling plans5Quality assurance considerations6General sampling considerations7Preservation and containerization8Cleaning equipment9Labeling and shipping procedures10Chain-of-custody procedure11
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to assure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.
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Designation:D4687–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Guide for
General Planning of Waste Sampling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The analysis and testing of solid waste requires collection of adequately sized, representative
samples. Wastes are found in various locations and physical states. Therefore, each sampling routine
must be tailored to fit the waste and situation. Wastes often occur as nonhomogeneous mixtures in
stratified layers or as poorly mixed conglomerations. For example, wastes are commonly stored or
disposedofinsurfaceimpoundmentswithstratifiedorlayeredsludgescoveredbypondedwastewater.
In these situations, the collector may be faced with sampling the wastewater, the sludge, and some
depth of soil beneath the sludges. Collecting representative samples in these situations requires a
carefully assessed, well-planned, and well-executed sampling routine.
Currently, Subcommittee D34.01 is working on practices for sampling wastes from a variety of
different sampling locations and situations. Also in progress is a practice for containerization,
preservation, and holding times for waste samples. As these documents are approved by ASTM,
reference to these standards will be made in this general guide on waste sampling. Further,
Subcommittee D34.01 recommends this guide be used in conjunction with the new waste sampling
practices when available in print by ASTM.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific
planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) which
precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.
are common to most waste sampling situations.
1.2 The aspects of sampling which this guide addresses are
2. Referenced Documents
as follows:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Section
E122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
Safety plans 4
Sampling plans 5
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
Quality assurance considerations 6
2.2 Other Document:
General sampling considerations 7
EPA-SW-846 Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Preservation and containerization 8
Cleaning equipment 9
Physical/Chemical Methods
Labeling and shipping procedures 10
Chain-of-custody procedure 11
3. Significance and Use
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and
proceduresfortheseaspects,nordoesitserveasaguidetoany
provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling
specificapplication.Itistheresponsibilityoftheusertoassure
plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-
that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Planning for Sampling. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved March 15, 1995. Published May 1995. Originally Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Printing Office, Washing-
published as D4687–87. Last previous edition D4687–87. ton, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4687–95 (2001)
3.2 Forpurposesofthisguide,itisassumedthattheuserhas 4.2.2.3 In situations where the type(s) of chemical(s), con-
knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety centration(s), and possibilities of contact are not known, the
hazards. appropriate Level of Protection must be selected based on
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or professional experience and judgment until the hazards can be
wastes where safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the better characterized.
user must use other more appropriate procedures. 4.2.3 LevelAProtection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
(a) Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus,
4. Hazards approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration
(MSHA) and National Institute of Occupational Safety and
4.1 Proper safety precautions must always be observed
Health (NIOSH),
when sampling wastes. Persons collecting samples must be
(b) Fully encapsulating chemical-resistant suit,
aware that the waste can be a strong sensitizer and can be
(c) Coveralls,
corrosive, flammable, explosive, toxic, and capable of releas-
(d) Long cotton underwear,
ing extremely poisonous gases. The background information
(e) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
obtained about the waste should be helpful in deciding the
(f) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
extent of safety precautions to be observed and in choosing
(g) Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank. (De-
protective equipment to be used. The information obtained
pending on suit construction, worn over or under suit boot),
should be checked for hazardous properties against such
(h) Hard hat (under suit),
references as “Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials”
(i) Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots (worn
the“MarchIndex,”the“CondensedChemicalDictionary,”and
over fully encapsulating suit), and
the “Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual
(j) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
forHandlingandDisposalwithToxicityandHazardousData.”
4.2.3.1 The fully encapsulating suit provides the highest
NOTE 1—The following safety precautions are not comprehensive.
degreeofprotectiontoskin,eyes,andrespiratorysystemifthe
Rather, they provide additional guidance on health and safety to comple-
suit material is resistant to the chemical(s) of concern during
ment professional judgment and experience.
the time the suit is worn or at the measured or anticipated
4.2 Personnel should wear protective equipment when re-
concentrations, or both. While Level A provides maximum
sponse activities involve known or suspected atmospheric
protection, the suit material may be rapidly permeated and
contamination; when vapors, gases, or airborne particulates
penetrated by certain chemicals from extremely high air
may be generated; or when direct contact with skin-affecting
concentrations, splashes, or immersion of boots or gloves in
substances may occur. Respirators can protect lungs, gas-
concentrated liquids or sludges. These limitations should be
trointestinal tract, and eyes against air toxicants. Chemical-
recognized when specifying the type of chemical-resistant
resistant clothing can protect the skin from contact with
garment. Whenever possible, the suit material should be
skin-destructive and -absorbable chemicals. Good personal
matched with the substance it is used to protect against.
hygiene limits or prevents ingestion of material.
4.2.3.2 Many toxic substances are difficult to detect or
4.2.1 Equipment to protect the body against contact with
measure in the field. When such substances (especially those
known or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided into
readily absorbed by or destructive to the skin) are known or
four categories according to the degree of protection afforded:
suspected to be present and personnel contact is unavoidable,
4.2.1.1 Level A—Should be worn when the highest level of
Level A protection should be worn until more accurate infor-
respiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed.
mation can be obtained.
4.2.1.2 Level B—Should be selected when the highest level
4.2.4 Level B Protection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
of respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin
(a) Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus
protection. Level B protection is the minimum level recom-
(MSHA/NIOSH approved),
mended on initial site entries until the hazards have been
(b) Chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-sleeved
further defined by on-site studies and appropriate personnel
jacket; coveralls; hooded, one- or two-piece chemical-splash
protection utilized.
suit; disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),
4.2.1.3 Level C—Should be selected when the type(s) of
(c) Coveralls,
airborne substance(s) is (are) known, the concentrations(s) is
(d) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
measured,andthecriteriaforusingair-purifyingrespiratorsare
(e) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
met.
(f) Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank,
4.2.1.4 Level D—Should not be worn on any site with
(g) Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn
respiratory or skin hazards. It is primarily a work uniform
over permanent boots),
providing minimal protection.
(h) Hard hat (face shield), and
4.2.2 The level of Protection selected should be based
(i) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
primarily on the following:
4.2.4.1 Level B equipment provides a high level of protec-
4.2.2.1 Type(s)andmeasuredconcentration(s)ofthechemi-
tion to the respiratory tract, but a somewhat lower level of
cal substance(s) in the ambient atmosphere and its toxicity and
protection to skin. The chemical-resistant clothing required in
4.2.2.2 Potential or measured exposure to substances in air,
splashes of liquids, or other direct contact with material due to
work being performed. Equipment is optional.
D4687–95 (2001)
Level B is available in a wide variety of styles, materials, 2in.abovethesamplingpoint.Followmanufacturersoperating
construction detail, permeability, etc. These factors all affect instructions for proper calibration, use, and care.
thedegreeofprotectionafforded.Therefore,aspecialistshould
select the most effective chemical-resistant clothing (and fully 5. Sampling Plans
encapsulating suit) based on the known or anticipated hazards
5.1 A sampling plan is a scheme or design to locate
or job function, or both.
samplingpointssothatsuitablerepresentativesamplesdescrip-
4.2.4.2 For initial site entry and reconnaissance at an open
tive of the waste body can be obtained. Developmentof
site, approaching whenever possible from the upwind direc-
sampling plans requires the following:
tion, Level B protection (with good quality, hooded, chemical-
5.1.1 Review of background information about the waste
resistant clothing) should protect response personnel, provid-
and site.
ing the conditions described in selecting LevelAare known or
5.1.2 Knowledge of the waste location and situation.
judged to be absent.
5.1.3 Decisions as to the types of samples needed.
4.2.5 Level C Protection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
5.1.4 Decisions as to the sampling design required.
(a) Full-face, air purifying, canister-equipped respirator
5.2 Background data on the waste is extremely helpful in
(MSHA/NIOSH approved),
preassessmentofthewaste’scomposition,hazards,andextent.
(b) Chemical-resistant clothing (coveralls; hooded, two-
(See Notes 2 and 3.)
piece chemical splash suit; chemical-resistant hood and apron;
NOTE 2—If after researching the available background information the
disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),
user cannot obtain from the material enough information about the waste
(c) Coveralls,
todeterminetheprobablecompositionandprobablehazards,thentheuser
(d) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant, should use other procedures. Such situations are beyond the scope of this
guide.
(e) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
NOTE 3—The background information is needed to determine neces-
(f) Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank,
sary safety equipment, safety procedures, sampling equipment and sam-
(g) Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn
pling design, and procedures to be used.
over permanent boots),
5.2.1 Possible sources of information on the site and waste
(h) Hard hat (face shield),
include the following:
(i) Escape mask , and
5.2.1.1 File searches of state and local records including
(j) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
waste manifests, waste approvals, land permit applications.
4.2.5.1 Level C protection is distinguished from Level B by
5.2.1.2 File searches of generator records (if the generator
theequipmentusedtoprotecttherespiratorysystem,assuming
can be identified) including chemical analyses, safety data
the same type of chemical-resistant clothing is used. The main
sheets, design drawings, and manufacturing process informa-
selectioncriterionforLevelCisthatconditionspermitwearing
tion.
air-purifying devices.
5.2.1.3 File searches of treatment, storage, disposal, and
4.2.5.2 Totalunidentifiedvapor/gasconcentrationsof5ppm
transport facilities. Records involved with handling the waste.
abovebackgroundrequireLevelBprotection.Onlyaqualified
5.2.1.4 Researching published data concerning the site such
individual should select Level C (air-purifying respirators)
as scientific journal articles, EPApublications, and newspaper
protection for continual use in an unidentified vapor/gas
stories. Newspapers are the most likely source but the infor-
concentration of background to 5 ppm above background.
mation is seldom very technical.
4.2.6 Level D Protection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
5.2.1.5 Interviews of key people such as past and present
(a) Coveralls,
employees of the site or generator, state and local officials,
(b) Gloves,
residents of the area, etc.
(c) Boots/shoes, leather or chemical-resistant, steel toe and
5.2.1.6 Aerialphotographsprovideahistoricalrecordofthe
shank,
site development. Many federal agencies conduct aerial sur-
(d)Boots,chemical-resistant(disposablewornoverperma-
veys that are available to the public. Some of these agencies
nent boots),
include the following:
(e) Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles,
(a) U. S. Department of Agriculture
(f) Hard hat (face shield), and
(b) Soil Conservation Service (USDA-SCS).
(g) Escape mask.
(c) U. S. Geological Survey.
4.2.6.1 Level D protection is primarily a work uniform. It
(d) U. S. Forest Service.
should be worn in areas where: (1) only boots can be
(e) National Air and Space Administration (NASA).
contaminated, or (2) there are no inhalable to
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