ASTM D4687-95
(Guide)Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) which are common to most waste sampling situations.
1.2 The aspects of sampling which this guide addresses are as follows: SectionSafety plans4Sampling plans5Quality assurance considerations6General sampling considerations7Preservation and containerization8Cleaning equipment9Labeling and shipping procedures10Chain-of-custody procedure11
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to assure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.
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Designation: D 4687 – 95
Standard Guide for
General Planning of Waste Sampling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The analysis and testing of solid waste requires collection of adequately sized, representative
samples. Wastes are found in various locations and physical states. Therefore, each sampling routine
must be tailored to fit the waste and situation. Wastes often occur as nonhomogeneous mixtures in
stratified layers or as poorly mixed conglomerations. For example, wastes are commonly stored or
disposed of in surface impoundments with stratified or layered sludges covered by ponded wastewater.
In these situations, the collector may be faced with sampling the wastewater, the sludge, and some
depth of soil beneath the sludges. Collecting representative samples in these situations requires a
carefully assessed, well-planned, and well-executed sampling routine.
Currently, Subcommittee D34.01 is working on practices for sampling wastes from a variety of
different sampling locations and situations. Also in progress is a practice for containerization,
preservation, and holding times for waste samples. As these documents are approved by ASTM,
reference to these standards will be made in this general guide on waste sampling. Further,
Subcommittee D34.01 recommends this guide be used in conjunction with the new waste sampling
practices when available in print by ASTM.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) which E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
are common to most waste sampling situations. Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
1.2 The aspects of sampling which this guide addresses are 2.2 Other Document:
as follows: EPA-SW-846 Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods
Section
Safety plans 4
Sampling plans 5
3. Significance and Use
Quality assurance considerations 6
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and
General sampling considerations 7
Preservation and containerization 8
provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling
Cleaning equipment 9
plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-
Labeling and shipping procedures 10
of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general
Chain-of-custody procedure 11
cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling
3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has
procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any
knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety
specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to assure
hazards.
that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
wastes where safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
user must use other more appropriate procedures.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Hazards
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific
4.1 Proper safety precautions must always be observed
precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.
when sampling wastes. Persons collecting samples must be
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on
Planning for Sampling . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Current edition approved March 15, 1995. Published May 1995. Originally Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Printing Office, Washing-
published as D 4687 – 87. Last previous edition D 4687 – 87. ton, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4687
aware that the waste can be a strong sensitizer and can be (b) (b) Fully encapsulating chemical-resistant suit,
corrosive, flammable, explosive, toxic, and capable of releas-
(c) (c) Coveralls,
ing extremely poisonous gases. The background information
(d) (d) Long cotton underwear,
obtained about the waste should be helpful in deciding the
(e) (e) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
extent of safety precautions to be observed and in choosing
(f) (f) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
protective equipment to be used. The information obtained
(g) (g) Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank.
should be checked for hazardous properties against such
(Depending on suit construction, worn over or under suit boot),
references as “Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials”
(h) (h) Hard hat (under suit),
the “March Index,” the “Condensed Chemical Dictionary,” and
(i) (i) Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots (worn
the “Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual
over fully encapsulating suit), and
for Handling and Disposal with Toxicity and Hazardous Data.”
(j) (j) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
NOTE 1—The following safety precautions are not comprehensive.
4.2.3.1 The fully encapsulating suit provides the highest
Rather, they provide additional guidance on health and safety to comple-
degree of protection to skin, eyes, and respiratory system if the
ment professional judgment and experience.
suit material is resistant to the chemical(s) of concern during
4.2 Personnel should wear protective equipment when re-
the time the suit is worn or at the measured or anticipated
sponse activities involve known or suspected atmospheric
concentrations, or both. While Level A provides maximum
contamination; when vapors, gases, or airborne particulates
protection, the suit material may be rapidly permeated and
may be generated; or when direct contact with skin-affecting
penetrated by certain chemicals from extremely high air
substances may occur. Respirators can protect lungs, gas-
concentrations, splashes, or immersion of boots or gloves in
trointestinal tract, and eyes against air toxicants. Chemical-
concentrated liquids or sludges. These limitations should be
resistant clothing can protect the skin from contact with
recognized when specifying the type of chemical-resistant
skin-destructive and -absorbable chemicals. Good personal
garment. Whenever possible, the suit material should be
hygiene limits or prevents ingestion of material.
matched with the substance it is used to protect against.
4.2.1 Equipment to protect the body against contact with
4.2.3.2 Many toxic substances are difficult to detect or
known or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided into
measure in the field. When such substances (especially those
four categories according to the degree of protection afforded:
readily absorbed by or destructive to the skin) are known or
4.2.1.1 Level A—Should be worn when the highest level of
suspected to be present and personnel contact is unavoidable,
respiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed.
Level A protection should be worn until more accurate infor-
4.2.1.2 Level B—Should be selected when the highest level
mation can be obtained.
of respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin
4.2.4 Level B Protection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
protection. Level B protection is the minimum level recom-
(a) (a) Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing appara-
mended on initial site entries until the hazards have been
tus (MSHA/NIOSH approved),
further defined by on-site studies and appropriate personnel
(b) (b) Chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-
protection utilized.
sleeved jacket; coveralls; hooded, one- or two-piece chemical-
4.2.1.3 Level C—Should be selected when the type(s) of
splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),
airborne substance(s) is (are) known, the concentrations(s) is
(c) (c) Coveralls,
measured, and the criteria for using air-purifying respirators are
(d) (d) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
met.
4.2.1.4 Level D—Should not be worn on any site with (e) (e) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
respiratory or skin hazards. It is primarily a work uniform
(f) (f) Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank,
providing minimal protection.
(g) (g) Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn
4.2.2 The level of Protection selected should be based
over permanent boots),
primarily on the following: 4
(h) (h) Hard hat (face shield), and
4.2.2.1 Type(s) and measured concentration(s) of the chemi-
(i) (i) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
cal substance(s) in the ambient atmosphere and its toxicity and
4.2.4.1 Level B equipment provides a high level of protec-
4.2.2.2 Potential or measured exposure to substances in air,
tion to the respiratory tract, but a somewhat lower level of
splashes of liquids, or other direct contact with material due to
protection to skin. The chemical-resistant clothing required in
work being performed.
Level B is available in a wide variety of styles, materials,
4.2.2.3 In situations where the type(s) of chemical(s), con-
construction detail, permeability, etc. These factors all affect
centration(s), and possibilities of contact are not known, the
the degree of protection afforded. Therefore, a specialist should
appropriate Level of Protection must be selected based on
select the most effective chemical-resistant clothing (and fully
professional experience and judgment until the hazards can be
encapsulating suit) based on the known or anticipated hazards
better characterized.
or job function, or both.
4.2.3 Level A Protection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
4.2.4.2 For initial site entry and reconnaissance at an open
(a) (a) Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing appara-
tus, approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration
(MSHA) and National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH), Equipment is optional.
D 4687
site, approaching whenever possible from the upwind direc- 5.1.1 Review of background information about the waste
tion, Level B protection (with good quality, hooded, chemical- and site.
resistant clothing) should protect response personnel, provid- 5.1.2 Knowledge of the waste location and situation.
ing the conditions described in selecting Level A are known or 5.1.3 Decisions as to the types of samples needed.
judged to be absent. 5.1.4 Decisions as to the sampling design required.
5.2 Background data on the waste is extremely helpful in
4.2.5 Level C Protection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
(a) (a) Full-face, air purifying, canister-equipped respirator preassessment of the waste’s composition, hazards, and extent.
(See Notes 2 and 3.)
(MSHA/NIOSH approved),
(b) (b) Chemical-resistant clothing (coveralls; hooded,
NOTE 2—If after researching the available background information the
two-piece chemical splash suit; chemical-resistant hood and
user cannot obtain from the material enough information about the waste
apron; disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),
to determine the probable composition and probable hazards, then the user
(c) (c) Coveralls, should use other procedures. Such situations are beyond the scope of this
guide.
(d) (d) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
4 NOTE 3—The background information is needed to determine neces-
(e) (e) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
sary safety equipment, safety procedures, sampling equipment and sam-
(f) (f) Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank,
pling design, and procedures to be used.
(g) (g) Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn
4 5.2.1 Possible sources of information on the site and waste
over permanent boots),
include the following:
(h) (h) Hard hat (face shield),
5.2.1.1 File searches of state and local records including
(i) (i) Escape mask , and
waste manifests, waste approvals, land permit applications.
(j) (g) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
5.2.1.2 File searches of generator records (if the generator
4.2.5.1 Level C protection is distinguished from Level B by
can be identified) including chemical analyses, safety data
the equipment used to protect the respiratory system, assuming
sheets, design drawings, and manufacturing process informa-
the same type of chemical-resistant clothing is used. The main
tion.
selection criterion for Level C is that conditions permit wearing
5.2.1.3 File searches of treatment, storage, disposal, and
air-purifying devices.
transport facilities. Records involved with handling the waste.
4.2.5.2 Total unidentified vapor/gas concentrations of 5 ppm
5.2.1.4 Researching published data concerning the site such
above background require Level B protection. Only a qualified
as scientific journal articles, EPA publications, and newspaper
individual should select Level C (air-purifying respirators)
stories. Newspapers are the most likely source but the infor-
protection for continual use in an unidentified vapor/gas
mation is seldom very technical.
concentration of background to 5 ppm above background.
5.2.1.5 Interviews of key people such as past and present
4.2.6 Level D Protection—Personnel Protective Equipment:
employees of the site or generator, state and local officials,
(a) (a) Coveralls,
residents of the area, etc.
(b) (b) Gloves,
5.2.1.6 Aerial photographs provide a historical record of the
(c) (c) Boots/shoes, leather or chemical-resistant, steel toe
site development. Many federal agencies conduct aerial sur-
and shank,
veys that are available to the public. Some of these agencies
(d) (d) Boots, chemical-resistant (disposable worn over
include the following:
permanent boots),
(a) (a) U. S. Department of Agriculture
(e) (e) Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles,
(b) (b) Soil Conservation Service (USDA-SCS).
(f) (f) Hard hat (face shield), and
(c) (c) U. S. Geological Survey.
(g) (g) Escape mask.
(d) (d) U. S. Forest Service.
4.2.6.1 Level D protection is primarily a work uniform. It
(e) (e) National Air and Space Administration (NASA).
should be worn in areas where: (1) only boots can be
(f) (f) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
contaminated, or (2) there are no inhalable toxic substances.
(NOAA).
4.3 Personnel should not eat, drink, or smoke during or after
(g) (g) National Weather Service.
sampling until after decontamination steps are taken. Sampling
(h) (h) Co
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