ASTM E2881-13e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Standard Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful when oils and fats are suspected as an ignition source or a fuel source in a fire.
4.1.1 The identification of oil and fat residues in samples from a fire scene can support the field investigator’s opinion regarding the origin and cause of the fire.
4.1.2 The positive identification of fatty acid(s) does not necessarily mean that the fire was caused by self heating.
4.2 This test method specifically identifies fatty acid derivatives. Oils and fats are comprised primarily of triglycerides (which are fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone), and some free fatty acids. Free fatty acids and triglycerides are not easily analyzed by the traditional ignitable liquid extraction techniques. Solvent extraction and derivatization to FAME will enable identification by GC-MS.
4.2.1 The identification of an individual fatty acid in fire debris samples does not confirm the presence of oils or fats; however, there are times when large quantities of the oil or fat may be extracted. In such cases a more positive identification can be made.
4.2.2 Oils and fats containing fatty acids with no double bonds will generally have no tendency to self-heat. With increasing unsaturation (1, 2 and 3 double bonds), the tendency to self-heat also increases, such that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as C18:3, have a high tendency to self-heat.
4.3 This test method is a sensitive separation technique and can detect quantities as small as 3 µL of oil or fat residue in an extract from a debris sample.
4.4 This test method shall be performed after all required traditional testing for ignitable liquid residues is completed.
4.5 This test method extracts liquids and residues from porous and nonporous materials of various sizes.
4.6 This test method can be hampered by coincident extraction of interfering compounds present in the fire debris samples.
4.7 This is a destructive technique and whenever possible the entire sample should ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the extraction, derivatization, and identification of fatty acids indicative of vegetable oils and fats in fire debris and liquid samples. This procedure will also extract animal oils and fats, as these are similar in chemical composition to vegetable oils and fats. Herein, the phrase “oils and fats” will be used to refer to both animal and vegetable derived oils and fats.
1.2 This test method is suitable for successfully extracting oil and fat residues having 8 to 24 carbon atoms.
1.3 The identification of a specific type of oil (for example, olive, corn, linseed) requires a quantitative analysis of the fatty acid esters and is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.4 This test method cannot replace the requisite knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: E2881 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats
from Fire Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas
1
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in January 2015.
1. Scope E1386 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
1.1 This test method covers the extraction, derivatization,
E1388 Practice for Sampling of HeadspaceVapors from Fire
and identification of fatty acids indicative of vegetable oils and
Debris Samples
fats in fire debris and liquid samples. This procedure will also
E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
extract animal oils and fats, as these are similar in chemical
from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concen-
composition to vegetable oils and fats. Herein, the phrase “oils
tration With Activated Charcoal
and fats” will be used to refer to both animal and vegetable
E1413 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
derived oils and fats.
from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Con-
1.2 This test method is suitable for successfully extracting
centration
oil and fat residues having 8 to 24 carbon atoms.
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
1.3 The identification of a specific type of oil (for example,
olive, corn, linseed) requires a quantitative analysis of the fatty E1618 TestMethodforIgnitableLiquidResiduesinExtracts
from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass
acid esters and is beyond the scope of this test method.
Spectrometry
1.4 This test method cannot replace the requisite
E2154 Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignit-
knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate
able Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Pas-
education, training, and experience and should be used in
sive Headspace Concentration with Solid Phase Microex-
conjunction with sound professional judgment.
traction (SPME)
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E2451 Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignit-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
able Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
standard.
3. Summary of Test Method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 If ignitable liquid analysis is required, it shall be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
performed prior to analysis for oils and fats as this test method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is a destructive technique.Afire debris sample (or sub-sample)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
or an aliquot of a liquid is initially analyzed for ignitable liquid
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
residues using standards listed in referenced documents.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 The same sample of fire debris (or different sub-sample)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or an additional aliquot of a liquid is then extracted with an
E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Tech-
organic solvent, and a derivatizing agent is added to convert
nical Experts
either the free fatty acids and some triglycerides (for acid-
catalyzed derivatization) or just the triglycerides (for base-
1
catalyzed derivatization) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE30onForensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
3.3 The organic layer of solvent is removed, filtered, and
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published October 2013. DOI: 10.1520/
concentrated if necessary, using dry nitrogen, filtered air, or
E2881-13E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
inert gas.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.4 The derivatized extract is analyzed by gas
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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E2881 − 13
3.5 Specific chemical components (fatty acid methyl esters) 5. Apparatus
are identified by their retention times and mass spectra.
5.1 Gas Chromatograph—A chromatograph capa
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E2881 − 13 E2881 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats
from Fire Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas
1
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in January 2015.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the extraction, derivatization, and identification of fatty acids indicative of vegetable oils and fats
in fire debris and liquid samples. This procedure will also extract animal oils and fats, as these are similar in chemical composition
to vegetable oils and fats. Herein, the phrase “oils and fats” will be used to refer to both animal and vegetable derived oils and
fats.
1.2 This test method is suitable for successfully extracting oil and fat residues having 8 to 24 carbon atoms.
1.3 The identification of a specific type of oil (for example, olive, corn, linseed) requires a quantitative analysis of the fatty acid
esters and is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.4 This test method cannot replace the requisite knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training,
and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Technical Experts
E1386 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
E1388 Practice for Sampling of Headspace Vapors from Fire Debris Samples
E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration With
Activated Charcoal
E1413 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
E1618 Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry
E2154 Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace
Concentration with Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)
E2451 Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 If ignitable liquid analysis is required, it shall be performed prior to analysis for oils and fats as this test method is a
destructive technique. A fire debris sample (or sub-sample) or an aliquot of a liquid is initially analyzed for ignitable liquid residues
using standards listed in referenced documents.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published October 2013. DOI: 10.1520/E2881-13.10.1520/E2881-13E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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E2881 − 13
3.2 The same sample of fire debris (or different sub-sample) or an additional aliquot of a liquid is then extracted with an organic
solvent, and a derivatizing agent is added to convert either the free fatty acids and some triglycerides (for acid-catalyzed
derivatization) or just the triglycerides (for base-catalyzed derivatization) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).
3.3 The organic layer of solvent is removed, filtered, and concentrated if necessary,
...
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