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ASTM E2997-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method specifically identifies fatty acid methyl esters and petroleum distillates found in biodiesel products. Derivatization is not necessary to identify FAMEs.  
4.1.1 This test method is useful when biodiesel products are suspected as a fuel source in a fire or a fuel product case and the identification of the “bio” portion of the fuel is of interest.  
4.1.2 The identification of biodiesel in samples from a fire scene can support the field investigator’s opinion regarding the origin and cause of the fire or provide investigative leads.  
4.1.3 The identification of biodiesel in a sample of fuel from a dispensing container or fuel tank can support the field investigator’s findings in a fuel product tampering investigation.  
4.2 FAMEs can be identified in debris samples using headspace extraction techniques and GC-MS.  
4.2.1 Solvent extraction may be required to further identify and characterize the FAME content in biodiesel.  
4.2.2 The presence of FAMEs and petroleum diesel is a strong indication of a biodiesel product, as FAMEs are not naturally occurring.  
4.3 Biodiesel products can be identified in liquid samples by GC-MS after appropriate solvent dilution or extraction.  
4.4 Biodiesel is available in different blends, where B100 is 100 % biodiesel (typically 100 % transesterified vegetable oils or recycled restaurant greases) and B2 is 2 % biodiesel and 98 % petroleum diesel, with variations in between.  
4.5 This test method is a sensitive technique and can detect quantities as small as 7 μL of biodiesel residue in an extract from a debris sample.  
4.6 This test method can be hampered by coincident extraction of interfering compounds present in the debris samples.  
4.7 Depending on the extraction method used, this could be a destructive technique and whenever possible the entire sample should not be used for the procedure. Solvent extracted portions of the sample are not suitable for resampling.  
4.8 Alternate methods of e...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis and identification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and petroleum distillate components of biodiesel products.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for identifying the components of biodiesel products in extracts of debris samples or in liquid samples.  
1.3 The identification of a specific source of the FAMEs or the proportion of the blend of biodiesel requires additional analysis and is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 This test method cannot replace the requisite knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
29-Feb-2016
ICS
75.160.40 - Biofuels
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E2154-15 - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2015
Refers
ASTM E1412-16 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration With Activated Charcoal
Effective Date
15-Jan-2016
Refers
ASTM E1618-14 - Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Jul-2014

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ASTM E2997-16 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryASTM E2997-16 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
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ASTM E2997-16 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2997 − 16 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-
1
Mass Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2997; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1386 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
1.1 This test method covers the analysis and identification
E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and petroleum distil-
from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concen-
late components of biodiesel products.
tration with Activated Charcoal
1.2 This test method is suitable for identifying the compo-
E1413 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
nents of biodiesel products in extracts of debris samples or in
from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Con-
liquid samples.
centration onto an Adsorbent Tube
1.3 The identification of a specific source of the FAMEs or
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
the proportion of the blend of biodiesel requires additional Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
analysis and is beyond the scope of this test method.
E1618 TestMethodforIgnitableLiquidResiduesinExtracts
from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass
1.4 This test method cannot replace the requisite
Spectrometry
knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate
E2154 Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignit-
education, training, and experience and should be used in
able Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Pas-
conjunction with sound professional judgment.
sive Headspace Concentration with Solid Phase Microex-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
traction (SPME)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E2451 Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignit-
standard.
able Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2881 Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire Debris and Liquid
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Spectrometry
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Traditional ignitable liquid analysis will be used to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
identify biodiesel products.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2 The debris sample is extracted or an aliquot of a liquid
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
is extracted or diluted and analyzed by gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.3 If fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are suspected,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
further solvent extraction and analysis on a FAME-specific
E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Tech-
column may be required.
nical Experts
3.4 Specific chemical components (fatty acid methyl esters)
1
are identified by their retention times and mass spectra.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE30onForensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published April 2016. DOI: 10.1520/
4. Significance and Use
E2997-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.1 This test method specifically identifies fatty acid methyl
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
esters and petroleum distillates found in biodiesel products.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Derivatization is not necessary to identify FAMEs.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2997 − 16
4.1.1 This test method is useful when biodiesel products are 5.1.3 GC Oven—A column oven capable of reproducible
suspect
...

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4.1 In 2014, the U.S. EPA published the final rules adding renewable fuel pathways under the RFS Program. The rules qualified kernel fiber as a cellulosic feedstock meeting the 60 % greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and qualifies for the generation of D3 RINs. These rules allow for two approaches for kernel fiber conversion (CFR 40, Part 80 and EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-0401; FRL-9910-40-OAR):  
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1.2.1 It is the intent of this test method to be used for hand protective products that are flame resistant or that have an adequate flame resistance for the required hazard (see 1.2). Non-flame resistant hand protective products may be used as under layers in multiple-layer systems or tested for ignition probability or ignition withstand.  
1.2.2 Hand protective products tested by this test method are new and ratings received by this method may be reduced or eliminated by hydrocarbon loading (gasoline, diesel fuel, transformer oil, etc.), sweat, dirt, grease, or other contaminants. The end user takes responsibility for use of hand protective products tested by this method when contaminated in such a manner that could reduce or eliminate the arc rating of the hand protective products.  
1.2.3 This test method is designed to provide information for gloves used for electric arc protection only. This test method is not suitable for determining electrical protective properties of hand protective products.  
1.3 This test method is used to measure and describe the properties of hand protective products in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to electrical contact or electrical shock hazards.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
1.6 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment that takes into account all of the factors, which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this s...

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ASTM
ASTM F1911-05(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation of Barbed Tape

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to provide standard requirements utilizing specialized equipment and hand tools.  
4.2 Ensure that the barbed tape is fabricated from acceptable material and well constructed. Field verification of the barbed tape's acceptability shall be in accordance with the project's specifications and this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation procedure for barbed tape.  
1.2 The primary purpose of this practice is to guide those responsible for or concerned with the installation of barbed tape on chain link fences, masonry walls, roofs or used as ground barriers. This standard is not intended to cover aspects of perimeter security for establishing levels of product performance or give analysis relating to various design comparisons.  
1.3 This standard involves the use of material, that may cause injury, including exposure to hazardous materials, and operation of specialized equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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