ASTM D4194-23

Standard Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration desalinating devices can be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies (
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions and are not necessarily applicable to natural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Devices  
8 – 14    
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices  
15 – 21    
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices  
22 – 28  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2022
• ICS: 71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
• Technical Committee: D19 - Water
• Drafting Committee: D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4194 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and
1
Nanofiltration Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
operating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices using
Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
standard test conditions and are not necessarily applicable to
natural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:
3. Terminology
Sections
3.1 Definitions:
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis 8 – 14
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,
Devices
refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices 15 – 21
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 22 – 28
3.1.2 brackish water, n—water that contains dissolved mat-
ter at an approximate concentration range from 1000 to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
30 000 mg ⁄L.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1.3 concentrate, n—stream exiting a crossflow membrane
device that has increased concentration of solutes and particles
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
over the feed stream; portion of the feed steram that does not
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pass through the membrane; the stream in which dissolved
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
solids or particulates, or both, are concentrated in a membrane
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
separation process.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.4 hollow-fiber (HF) membrane—self-supporting mem-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
brane fibers that have a hollow bore like a cylinder; in reverse
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
osmosis, the membrane is usually on the outside with the bore
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
conveying the permeate; in ultra and micro filtration, the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
membrane might be on the inside or outside of the fiber.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.5 nanofiltration (NF), n—crossflow process with pore
sizes designed to remove selected salts and most organics
2. Referenced Documents
above about 300 molecular weight range, sometimes referred
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to as loose RO; a pressure-driven membrane separation process
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water (Withdrawn
in which particles and dissolved molecules larger than about
3
2021)
2 nm are rejected.
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
3 3.1.6 permeate, n—that portion of the feed which passes
tivity of Water (Withdrawn 2023)
through the membrane.
3.1.7 reverse osmosis (RO), n—separation process in which
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on
one component of a solution is removed from another compo-
Water and are the direct responsibilities of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes
nent by flowing the feed stream under pressure across a
and Ion Exchange Materials.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally semipermeable membrane that causes selective movement of
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4194 – 03 (2014).
solvent against its osmonic pressure difference; RO removes
DOI: 10.1520/D4194-23.
ions based on electrochemical forces, colloids, and organics
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
down to 150 molecular weight; may also be called hyperfil-
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tration.
the ASTM website.
3
3.1.8 sea water, n—water with approximate concentration of
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.ast-
m.org. total dissolved solids ranging from 30 000 to 60 000 mg ⁄L.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

----------------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4194 − 03 (Reapproved 2014) D4194 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and
1
Nanofiltration Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices using standard test
conditions and are not necessarily applicable to natural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:
Sections
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis 8 – 13
Devices
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis De- 8 – 14
vices
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices 14 – 19
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices 15 – 21
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 20 – 25
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 22 – 28
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water (Withdrawn 2021)
3
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water (Withdrawn 2023)
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and are the direct responsibilities of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion
Exchange Materials.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014Jan. 1, 2023. Published February 2014February 2023. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20082014 as
D4194 – 03 (2008).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D4194-03R14.10.1520/D4194-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4194 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.
3.1.2 brackish water, n—water that contains dissolved matter at an approximate concentration range from 1000 to 30 000 mg ⁄L.
3.1.3 concentrate, n—stream exiting a crossflow membrane device that has increased concentration of solutes and particles over
the feed stream; portion of the feed steram that does not pass through the membrane; the stream in which dissolved solids or
particulates, or both, are concentrated in a membrane separation process.
3.1.4 hollow-fiber (HF) membrane—self-supporting membrane fibers that have a hollow bore like a cylinder; in reverse osmosis,
the membrane is usually on the outside with the bore conveying the permeate; in ultra and micro filtration, the membrane might
be on the inside or outside of the fiber.
3.1.5 nanofiltration (NF), n—crossflow process with pore sizes designed to remove selected salts and most organics above about
300 molecular weight range, sometimes referred to as loose RO; a pressure-driven membrane separation process in which particles
and dissolved molecules larger than about 2 nm are rejected.
3.1.6 permeate, n—that portion of the feed which passes through the membrane.
3.1.7 reverse osmosi
...