ASTM F432-19

Standard Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for roof and rock bolts and accessories. Addressed in this specification are double-end threaded and slotted steel bars; fully grouted bolts and threaded bars; mechanical anchorage devices used for point anchorage applications; roof truss systems; partially grouted deformed bolts; formable anchorage devices; and other frictional anchorage devices. All of these products represent various designs used for ground support systems. Threads on bolts or threaded bars may be cold rolled or machine cut on the hot-rolled bars. Bearing and header plates may be strengthened by cold forming or may be hardened by quenching in a liquid medium from above the austenitizing temperature and tempering. Hardened steel washers shall be through hardened by quenching in a liquid medium from above the austenitizing temperature and tempering. Test shall be performed in accordance with the following test methods: tensile strength; elongation; test for bearing and header plates; test for notched bendable bolts; and tests of roof truss components.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for roof and rock bolts and accessories. Addressed in this specification are double-end threaded bars; fully grouted bolts and threaded bars; mechanical anchorage devices used for point anchorage applications; roof truss systems; partially grouted deformed bolts; bearing plates; cable bolt systems; expandable rock bolts and other frictional anchorage devices. All of these products represent various designs used for ground support systems. This specification can be revised to address new technologies.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This hazard statement applies only to Section 10, Test Methods of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2019
• ICS: 21.060.10 - Bolts, screws, studs
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: F16 - Fasteners
• Drafting Committee: F16.02 - Steel Bolts, Studs and Nuts

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F432-13 - Standard Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM A370-24 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM A416/A416M-24 - Standard Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM A194/A194M-20 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM A370-19 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM A536-84(2019)e1 - Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-May-2019
• Refers: ASTM F436/F436M-18a - Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers Inch and Metric Dimensions
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Refers: ASTM F436/F436M-18 - Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers Inch and Metric Dimensions
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Refers: ASTM A1011/A1011M-18 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Refers: ASTM A416/A416M-17a - Standard Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM A370-17a - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM A416/A416M-17 - Standard Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-May-2017
• Refers: ASTM A194/A194M-17 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM A370-17 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2017
• Refers: ASTM A194/A194M-16a - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016

Overview

ASTM F432-19 is the internationally recognized standard specification for roof and rock bolts and accessories, published by ASTM International. This standard covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for various types of steel bolts, bars, anchorage devices, washers, and plates used in ground support systems. The specification ensures consistency in manufacturing, quality, and performance for components that are critical for mining, tunneling, underground construction, and similar applications where ground stability is essential.

By following ASTM F432-19, manufacturers, engineers, and end-users can be confident that roof and rock bolts and their accessories meet necessary safety and performance criteria, contributing to safer underground environments.

Key Topics

• Product Scope: The standard includes requirements for double-end threaded bars, fully grouted bolts, threaded and slotted bars, mechanical anchorage devices, roof truss systems, partially grouted deformed bolts, cable bolt systems, expandable rock bolts, formable anchorage devices, frictional anchorage devices, bearing plates, header plates, washers, and nuts.

• Manufacturing Requirements: Specifies acceptable materials and treatments for components. This includes specifications for steel bars, malleable iron, ductile iron, threaded couplings, and more. Requirements cover cold- or machine-cut threads, heat treatment by quenching and tempering, and other strengthening processes.

• Mechanical and Chemical Properties: Details methods for ensuring proper strength, yield, elongation, and load resistance of bolts and accessories. Chemical composition limits (e.g., carbon, sulfur, phosphorus) are stipulated, along with requirements for tensile strength and hardness tests.

• Dimensional Controls: The standard defines the required dimensional tolerances, including thread requirements (in accordance with ASME standards), hole sizing, and permissible variations for each product type. Threads may be cold rolled or machine cut, and details for thread dimensions are provided.

• Testing Methods: Outlines necessary testing procedures including tensile strength, elongation, bearing and header plate testing, notched bendable bolt testing, and tests for truss components. All test methods follow referenced ASTM standards to ensure accuracy and comparability.

• Safety Considerations: Reminds users that appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices must be established, as the standard does not address all safety concerns.

Applications

ASTM F432-19 plays a pivotal role in several sectors:

• Mining: Used for specifying roof and rock bolts for underground mines. Ensures ground support systems offer adequate safety for workers and equipment.
• Tunneling: Critical for tunnel construction stability. Bolts and bars specified by ASTM F432-19 help prevent rock falls and collapse.
• Civil Engineering Projects: Supports underground structures, vaults, and basements, providing reliable design standards for ground anchorage systems.
• Infrastructure Maintenance: Assists in retrofitting existing facilities, increasing longevity and reliability of ground support installations.
• Engineering Procurement: Ensures that suppliers and contractors provide products that meet internationally verified standards for interchangeability and safety.

Related Standards

Several other standards are commonly referenced alongside ASTM F432-19:

• ASTM A615/A615M: Specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement.
• ASTM A370: Mechanical testing of steel products.
• ASTM F606/F606M: Test methods for mechanical properties of externally and internally threaded fasteners, washers, and rivets.
• ASME B1.1: Unified Inch Screw Threads standard.
• ASTM A563, A194/A194M: Specifications for nuts.
• ASTM F436/F436M: Specification for hardened steel washers.

Summary

By adhering to ASTM F432-19 for roof and rock bolts and accessories, stakeholders ensure the quality, safety, and performance of ground support systems in critical underground and construction environments. The standard provides a definitive basis for procurement, quality control, and field application, reducing risk and helping maintain regulatory compliance across international projects.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F432 −19
Standard Specification for
Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF432;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* A194/A194MSpecification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel,
and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and
High Temperature Service, or Both
dimensional requirements for roof and rock bolts and accesso-
A220/A220MSpecification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
ries. Addressed in this specification are double-end threaded
A370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
bars;fullygroutedboltsandthreadedbars;mechanicalanchor-
of Steel Products
age devices used for point anchorage applications; roof truss
A416/A416M Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-
systems;partiallygrouteddeformedbolts;bearingplates;cable
Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete
bolt systems; expandable rock bolts and other frictional an-
A536Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
chorage devices. All of these products represent various
A563Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
designs used for ground support systems. This specification
A615/A615MSpecificationforDeformedandPlainCarbon-
can be revised to address new technologies.
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
1.2 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
A882/A882MSpecification for Filled Epoxy-Coated Seven-
asstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthis
Wire Steel Prestressing Strand
standard.
A1011/A1011MSpecification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,
1.3 This hazard statement applies only to Section 10, Test Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-
Methods of this specification. This standard does not purport
Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
A751Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac- cal Analysis of Steel Products
tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
D6637Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of
prior to use. Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- D1248Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Extrusion
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Materials for Wire and Cable
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the F436/F436MSpecification for Hardened SteelWashers Inch
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
and Metric Dimensions
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical F606/F606MTest Methods for Determining the Mechanical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded
Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
2. Referenced Documents
2.2 ASME Standards:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B1.1Unified Screw Threads
A29/A29MSpecificationforGeneralRequirementsforSteel
B1.3MScrew Thread Gaging Systems for Dimensional
Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
Acceptability—Inch and Metric Screw Threads
A47/A47MSpecification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Cast-
B18.2.2Square and Hex Nuts
ings
3. Terminology
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
3.1 Definitions:
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
3.1.1 barrel—a device housing normally either 2 or 3 piece
Nuts, Rivets and Washers.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published May 2020. Originally cable strand wedges
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F432–13. DOI:
10.1520/F0432-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
the ASTM website. www.asme.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F432−19
3.1.2 bearing plates, plate washers, mine roof plates— special deformations or other design features to provide
plates that serve to distribute the load from the exposed end of interlocking between the steel and the grout.
the bolt or threaded bar to the rock face or intermediate
3.1.13 hardened washers—washersthathavebeenhardened
member.
by heat treatment to provide consistency to the torque tension
relation necessary to control installation tension of bolts and
3.1.2.1 header plates—largerectangularbearingplates,usu-
threaded bars.
ally 6 in. wide by 16 to 18 in. long, or any other shape with an
equivalent area, used in substitution for wooden header blocks
3.1.14 minimumnon-seizureload(MNSL)—theloadlevelin
for wider distribution of the bolt load than is possible with
pounds through which bolt/plug thread seizure must not occur.
standard bearing plates.
3.1.15 minimum ultimate load (MUL)—the load level in
3.1.3 bendable bolts—bolts furnished with an altered sec-
pounds through which bolt/plug thread failure must not occur.
tionatsomelocation,tobespecifiedbythecustomer,atwhich
3.1.16 rollers, cams—moving devices that, when used with
the bar will bend.
internally threaded cylinders containing external tapered slots,
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Bending is necessary to permit instal-
provide expansion to grip the sides of a drilled hole mechani-
lationofbarslongerthanthemineopeningheight.Thisaltered
cally and transfer load from the location of the anchor to the
sectionmaybeproducedbyhotorcoldforging,orbyshearing,
bar or bolt.
sawing, trimming, machining, grinding, or a combination of
3.1.17 roof and rock bolts—headed hot-rolled bars with
these processes.
cold-rolled or machine-cut threads at the end, to be used with
3.1.4 beveled washers—washerswhosefacesareatanangle
anchorage devices to hold up mine roofs, hold back walls, or
permitting a headed bolt or threaded bar to be installed at a
hold down equipment or foundations.
slight angle to the rock face and yet maintained the face of the
3.1.18 roof truss system—a roof support system incorporat-
bolt head perpendicular to the bolt axis.
ing bolts that are joined together by crossmember(s) that is
3.1.5 cable bolt—cable strand with an assembly placed on
(are) tensioned by design.
the end for installation and load resistance purposes.
3.1.19 strand—a group of wires normally having helically
3.1.6 chemical anchors—chemical materials that provide placed outer wires with uniform pitch.
anchorage between the bolt or bar and the drilled hole.
3.1.20 spherical washers or seats—washers that are flat on
3.1.7 discontinuous turn—discontinuous turn shall include one side and have a spherical face on the other side. The
material heat changes, interruptions to the manufacturing combination of spherical washer together with a depression in
operation exceeding 8 hrs, and significant machinery adjust- the bearing plate produces a ball-and-socket joint permitting
ments that materially alter the manufacturing process. The bolts to be installed at a slight angle to the rock face while still
discontinuous turn shall apply to all separate manufacturing maintaining the face of the bolt head perpendicular to the bolt
stations separate from the material heat change criteria. A axis.
material length change will not constitute a “discontinuous
3.1.21 tension nuts—nuts that are intended to induce and
turn” as provided in this definition.
maintain tension in a bolt.
3.1.8 expandable rock bolt—rock support device that con-
3.1.22 threaded bars—bars that are used with a nut on one
sists of a steel tube, folded or collapsed on itself, that can be
end and an anchorage device on the other. They are used in a
inserted into a borehole and expanded, by means of high
manner similar to the bolts described in 3.1.17.
internal pressure, against the wall of the borehole.The product
3.1.23 threaded couplings—couplings used to permit the
anchorage is developed through a combination of friction and
assembly of additional externally threaded items.
mechanical interlock of the expanded profile against the
3.1.24 threaded tapered plugs—threaded wedge that ex-
borehole wall after the internal expansion pressure used for
pands the expansion shell by the movement of the threaded
installation has been relieved.
plug within the shell as tightening progresses.
3.1.9 expansion shells—anchorage devices that, separate
3.1.25 wedge—piecesoftaperedmetalwithteethwhichbite
from the bar or bolt, mechanically expand to grip the sides of
into the strand under load.
a drilled hole and transfer load between the location of the
3.1.25.1 Discussion—Two or three piece wedges are nor-
anchor to the bar or bolt.
mally used.
3.1.10 extensions—threaded bars used to extend the length
of threaded or threaded slotted bars.
4. Ordering Information
3.1.11 frictional anchorage devices—ground support
4.1 Ordersformaterialunderthisspecificationshallinclude
devices, friction stabilizers, that are designed so that the
at least the following information:
holding force/anchorage is generated by frictional forces be-
4.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces),
tweenthesurfaceoftheboreholeandthesurfaceofthedevice.
4.1.2 Name of product together with description of
Thefrictionalforcescanbeactiveoverthefullorpartiallength
accessories,
of the device.
4.1.3 Dimensions,
3.1.12 fully grouted bolts and threaded bars—deformed 4.1.4 ASTM designation and year of issue, including
bars or plain bars used with full-length grouting and having strength grade,
F432−19
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements
4.1.5 Special requirements, if any, including packaging and
thread protection instructions, and Product Carbon, max, % Sulfur, max, % Phosphorus, max,
%
4.1.6 Certifications, if required.
Heat Product Heat Product Heat Product
4.2 The products covered by this specification are currently
Bolts, threaded
A B
produced by many manufacturers to a wide variety of designs.
bars 0.75 0.79 0.13 0.050 0.058
Hardened spherical,
Itisnecessaryfortheuserandthemanufacturertoestablishthe
flat, or beveled
requirementsoftheindividualinstallationandtoagreeastothe
washers 0.80 0.84 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
typeofassemblytobeemployed.SeeAnnexA1andAppendix
Spherical or beveled
washers 0.80 0.84 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
X1 for additional information.
Bearing and header
plates 1.00 1.04 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
5. Manufacturing Processes
Steel threaded tapered
B
plugs 0.60 0.64 0.13 0.050 0.058
5.1 Materials for Bolts, Extensions, and Threaded Bars:
Steel expansion shells 0.30 0.33 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
5.1.1 Steel used for plain bars shall conform to the require-
A
Bars furnished in accordance with the chemical composition section of Specifi-
ments shown in Table 2 and in Specification A29/A29M. Steel
cation A615/A615M may be substituted for these requirements.
B
used for deformed or plain bars shall conform to the require-
Check analysis for sulfur if a resulfurized steel is not technically appropriate.
ments shown in Table 2 and Specification A615/A615M.
5.1.1.1 Threadsonboltsorthreadedbarsmaybecoldrolled
or machine cut on the hot-rolled bars.
5.6.1 Malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification
5.1.2 Steel strands for use as cable bolts shall conform to
A47/A47M.
Specification A416/A416M.
5.6.2 Pearlitic malleable iron castings shall conform to
5.1.3 Filled epoxy steel strands for use as cable bolts shall
Specification A220/A220M, Grades 45006, 50005, or 60004.
conform to Specification A882/A882M.
5.6.3 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
Table 2.
5.2 Materials for Expansion Shells:
5.2.1 Malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification
5.7 Materials for Nuts:
A47/A47M.
5.7.1 Nuts shall be in accordance with Specifications A194/
5.2.2 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
A194M or A563. Appropriate nuts for each grade of threaded
Table 2.
bar are shown in Table 1. Higher strength nuts conforming to
5.2.3 Ductile iron castings shall conform to Specification
Specifications A194/A194M or A563 may be substituted.
A536, Grades 60-40-18.
When specified on the order or contract, nuts with external
dimensions of nominal ⁄4in. heavy hex or heavy square size
5.3 Materials for Threaded Tapered Plugs Used with Ex-
5 5
maybesuppliedwith ⁄8in.threadsforusewith ⁄8in.threaded
pansion Shells:
bars.
5.3.1 Materials for threaded tapered plugs used with expan-
sion shells shall conform to the test specifications in 10.6.
5.8 Materials for Chemical Grouting Materials:
5.8.1 Chemical grouting materials are covered in AnnexA3
5.4 Materials for Bearing and Header Plates, Also Known
of this specification.
As Plate Washers or Mine Roof Plates:
5.4.1 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
5.9 Materials for Threaded Couplings:
Table 2.
5.9.1 Materials for threaded couplings shall be selected by
5.4.1.1 Bearing and header plates may be strengthened by
the manufacturer to ensure compliance with 7.6 and 8.6.1.
cold forming or may be hardened by quenching in a liquid
5.10 Materials for Bolts and Threaded Bars for Use in
medium from above the austenitizing temperature and temper-
Grouted Systems—Plain or deformed steel bars shall conform
ing at a temperature of not less than 650°F.
to Table 2 or Specification A615/A615M chemical properties.
5.5 Materials for Spherical, Flat, or Beveled Hardened
Mechanical properties shall conform to requirements listed
Washers:
within this specification.
5.5.1 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
5.11 Materials for Friction Stabilizers—Sheet steel shall
Table 2.
conform to requirements specified in Specification A1011/
5.5.1.1 Hardened steel washers shall be through hardened
A1011M, Table 2 HSLAS Class 2 material per Table 6.
by quenching in a liquid medium from above the austenitizing
5.12 Materials for Truss Systems:
temperature and tempering at a temperature of not less than
5.12.1 Components of roof truss systems shall be manufac-
650°F. Case-hardened washers are not permitted.
tured in accordance with the appropriate paragraph(s) of
5.6 Materials for Spherical or Beveled Washers:
Section 5 of this specification.
TABLE 1 Appropriate Nuts 6. Chemical Composition
Bolt or Threaded Bar Grade Nut Specification
6.1 Materialsusedforbolts,threadedbars,spherical,flat,or
30 (regular strength) A194/A194M, Grade 1; A563, Grade B
beveled washers, threaded tapered plugs, expansion shells,
55 (high strength) A194/A194M, Grade 1; A563, Grade B
bearing plates, and roof truss components shall be as specified
75 (extra high strength) A194/A194M, Grade 2; A563, Grade C
in Table 2 and Section 5.
F432−19
6.2 Materials for all cast or wrought metallic items other 7.9 Threaded tapered plugs for expansion anchors must be
than those covered in 6.1 shall conform to the requirements as capable of withstanding the minimum non-seizure load
specified in Section 5. (MNSL) and minimum ultimate load (MUL), in accordance
with Table 5.
6.3 Individual heats of steel or cast iron are not identified in
7.10 Tension nuts must be capable of withstanding the
any of the finished products.
ultimatetensilestrengthoftheboltorrebarofthehighestgrade
6.4 Materialforfrictionstabilizersshallconformtorequire-
with which they are to be used.
ments specified in Specification A1011/A1011M, Table2 HS-
7.11 The mechanical properties of components of roof truss
LAS Class 2 material per Table 6.
systems shall be in accordance with the appropriate para-
graph(s) of this section.
7. Mechanical Properties
7.11.1 Truss brackets shall be provided in 10000-lbf grade
7.1 Mechanical properties of steel bars, for the manufacture
increments.
ofbolts,orthreadedbars,shallbeasspecifiedinTable3forthe
7.12 Mechanical properties for friction stabilizers shall
required grade.
conform to requirements specified in Specification A1011/
7.2 Mechanical properties of the threaded portion of steel
A1011M,Table4 HSLAS, Class 2 material. Specific mechani-
bolts and threaded bars, shall be as specified in Table 4 for the
cal properties for various size friction stabilizers are listed in
required grade.
Table 6 and Table 7.
7.3 Expansion shells, threaded tapered plugs, and spherical
7.13 Cablebolts,whenpulltestedtofailureagainstthehead
washers shall conform to the applicable specification of Sec-
assembly,mustachieve90%oftheminimumbreakingstrength
tion 5 and shall successfully perform the required purpose as
per Specification A416/A416M
described in Annex A1.
7.14 Mechanical properties for expandable rock bolts shall
7.4 Bearing plates and header plates shall be provided in
meet manufacturer’s stated minimum yield, ultimate load, and
10000-lbf grade increments. The minimum grade rating per-
elongation as per testing requirement defined in 10.14.
mitted shall be 20000 lbf.
8. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
7.5 Hardened washers shall have a hardness range from 35
8.1 Threaded bolts and deformed bar bolts shall conform to
to 45 HRC.
the dimensions shown in Fig. 1.
7.6 Threaded couplings must be capable of exceeding ten-
8.1.1 Deformed bar bolts shall conform to the requirements
sile values of the threaded bolt with which they are to be used,
of Table 1 in Specification A615/A615M.
as specified in Table 4.
8.2 Threaded bars and extension bolts shall conform to the
7.7 Extensions must be in accordance with 7.1 and 7.2 for
dimensions shown in Fig. 2.
the grade of item specified.
8.3 Thread Requirements:
7.8 Mechanical properties for bolts and threaded bars for
NOTE 1—Thread size variations can be expected due to bar diameter
useingroutedsystemsshallbeasspecifiedinTable3forplain
and out-of-round variations. These special requirements reflect practices
bars; and Table 3 and Table 4 for deformed bars. Bolts and
for external and internal threads that have been found to provide adequate
threaded bars made from plain material must contain some strength and interchangeability.
designfeaturetoprovideinterlockingbetweenthesteelandthe
8.3.1 External threads shall be in accordance with ASME
grout. These items can be supplied threaded or headed.
B1.1 UNC 1A except that the minimum pitch diameter has
been reduced by 0.003 in. and the minimum major diameter
has been reduced 0.010 in. to reflect the normal variations
expected on hot-rolled bars due to the combined effect of bar
TABLE 3 Mechanical Properties of Steel Bars for the Manufacture
diameter and out-of-round tolerances. Information on this
AB
of Bolts and Threaded Bars
increased tolerance is described in Note 2. The modified
Grade Nominal Yield Point Tensile Elongation in
requirements are listed in Table 8.
Diameter, min, psi Strength min, 8 in. or 200
C
in. psi mm Minimum,
NOTE 2—External threads that are to be used with threaded tapered
%
plugs in expansion anchors are permitted to have somewhat increased
D
3 1
40 ⁄4 –1 ⁄2 40 000 70 000 12
pitchandmajordiametertolerance.Asboltloadisincreased,thetendency
5 1
55 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 55 000 85 000 12
for thread failure through nut diametrical expansion normally increases;
D
5 1
60 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 60 000 90 000 9
however, in the case of threaded tapered plugs, increased load is
5 1
75 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 75 000 100 000 8
accompaniedbyanincreasingcompressionoftheinternalthreadsontothe
5 1
100 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 100 000 125 000 6
external threads. This compensation for decreased major diameter is
A
Test of bars shall be performed full size.
further augmented by the length of engagement which is longer than for
B
Higher grades would be produced in 20 000-psi increments. The minimum
standard nuts. Nuts to be used with threaded bars shall be selected to
tensile strength shall be 25 000 psi above the minimum yield strength. The
provide adequate strength under these thread conditions.
minimum elongation shall be 4 % for all grades above 100.
C
Actual bar diameters are somewhat less than nominal, especially when roll
8.3.2 External threads altered during the manufacturing
threading methods are employed.
D process to facilitate product installation shall still maintain the
Grade 40 and 60 only apply to deformed bar.
3 ⁄4 in. effective thread length. External threads at “head or
F432−19
TABLE 4 Load Support Requirements of the Threaded Portion of Steel Bolts, Threaded Bars, and Thread Deformed Bars (see Annex
A
A2)
Nominal Thread Grade
Diameter (in.)/ Stress Area,
B B
40 55 60 75 100
Thread /in. in.
C C C C C C C C C C
Yield lbs Tensile lbs Yield lbs Tensile lbs Yield lbs Tensile lbs Yield lbs Tensile lbs Yield lbs Tensile lbs
DD
⁄8 –11 0.226 12 400 19 200 13 600 20 300 17 000 22 600 22 600 26 300
⁄4 –10 0.334 13 400 23 400 18 400 28 400 20 000 30 100 25 100 33 400 33 400 41 800
⁄8 –9 0.462 18 500 32 300 25 400 39 300 27 700 41 600 34 700 46 200 46 200 57 800
1–8 0.606 24 200 42 400 33 300 51 500 36 400 54 500 45 500 60 600 60 600 75 800
1 ⁄8 –7 0.763 30 500 53 400 42 000 64 900 45 800 68 700 57 200 76 300 76 300 95 400
1 ⁄4 –7 0.969 38 800 67 800 53 300 82 400 58 100 87 200 72 700 96 900 96 900 121 100
1 ⁄8 –6 1.155 46 200 80 900 63 500 96 200 69 300 104 000 86 600 115 500 115 500 144 400
1 ⁄2 –6 1.405 56 200 98 400 77 300 119 400 84 300 126 500 105 400 140 500 140 500 175 600
A
Tests of bolts and threaded bars shall be performed using full-diameter products.
B
Information for Gr 40 and 60 only applies to deformed bars.
C
RequiredyieldandtensileloadsshownarecalculatedbymultiplyingthreadstressareastimestheyieldpointandtensilestrengthvaluesshowninTable3.Threadstress
area is calculated from the mean root and pitch diameters of adrenal threads as follows:
0.9743
A 5 0.7854 D2
S D
s
n
where:
A = stress area, in.
s
D = nominal diameter, in., and
n = number of threads per in.
D
⁄8 in. Gr 40 products are not covered.
TABLE 5 Plug Grade Rating System TABLE 7 Load Support and Dimensional Requirements for
Friction Stabilizers
Nominal Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
A
Diameter, A B A B A B A B
Designation Nominal Minimum OD tolerance, Length Tolerance,
MNSL MUL MNSL MUL MNSL MUL MNSL MUL
C
in.
Diameter, Ultimate in. in.
B
1 in. Load,
⁄2 7.0 14.2 10.7 17.0 13.5 19.9 16.3 22.7
lbs
⁄8 12.4 22.6 17.0 27.1 21.5 31.6 26.0 36.1
1 1
3 33 1.33 20 000 ± 0.03 + ⁄4,- ⁄2
⁄4 18.4 33.4 25.1 40.1 31.7 46.8 38.4 53.4
1 1
7 39 1.54 23 000 + 0.02,-0.04 + ⁄4,- ⁄2
⁄8 25.4 46.2 34.7 55.4 40.0 64.7 40.0 73.9
1 1
46 1.81 32 500 ± 0.03 + ⁄4,- ⁄2
1 33.3 60.6 40.0 72.7 40.0 84.8 40.0 96.9
A
1 ⁄8 40.0 76.3 40.0 91.6 40.0 106.8 40.0 122.0
Designation denotes traditional reference to nominal millimeter diameter mea-
1 ⁄4 40.0 96.9 40.0 116.3 40.0 135.7 40.0 155.0
surement as previously established.
B
1 ⁄8 40.0 115.5 40.0 138.6 40.0 161.7 40.0 184.8
As measured across bolt diameter perpendicular to the slot as indicated in Fig. 6
C
1 ⁄2 40.0 140.5 40.0 168.6 40.0 196.7 40.0 224.8
Bolt length is measured end-to-end (actual friction stabilizer tubing length).
A
MNSL—Minimum Non-Seizure Load (1000 lb).
B
MUL—Minimum Ultimate Load (1000 lb).
allow for handling damage on the external thread and dirt and
long engagement in the internal thread. The maximum minor
TABLE 6 Mechanical Properties of Sheet Steel for the
diameters are standard 1B for 1 ⁄2 to 3 diameter length of
Manufacture of Friction Stabilizers
A engagement. The modified requirements are listed in Table 8.
Designation Nominal Diameter, Minimum yield
B
in strength, 8.3.4 Internal threads in nuts shall be tapped standard UNC
C
psi
2B size in accordance with ASME B1.1 or may be tapped
33 1.33 60 000
oversize in accordance with 8.3.3 with agreement of producer
39 1.54 60 000
and purchaser.
46 1.81 50 000
A
8.3.5 Gaging of threads shall be performed in accordance
Designation denotes traditional reference to nominal millimeter diameter mea-
surement as previously established.
with System 21, ASME B1.3M. Pitch diameter and thread
B
As measured across bolt diameter perpendicular to the slot as indicated in Fig. 6.
crest diameter limits are specified in Table 8.
C
Per Specification A1011/A1011M.
8.3.6 Threaded tapered plugs shall have a tapped length at
least equal to one times the nominal bolt diameter with which
they are to be used.
exposed” end of bolt may have variable thread length for
8.3.7 Threaded couplings shall have a tapped length at least
specific applications. Threads intended to be used to couple
equal to two times the nominal bolt diameter with which they
bolt sections together may be less than 3 ⁄4 in. effective thread
are to be used.
length by agreement between supplier and purchaser for
specific product applications. 8.4 Washer Requirements:
8.3.3 Internal threads in threaded tapered plugs and 8.4.1 Roundandsquarehardenedwashersshallbeasshown
threaded couplings shall be in accordance with ASME B1.1 in Fig. 3.
UNC 1B except that the threads shall be tapped oversize. This 8.4.2 There are two types of hardened flat washers avail-
oversize is an increase in the pitch diameter of 0.003 in. to able. Type 1 is to be furnished unless otherwise specified.
F432−19
Nominal Bolt Size, ⁄8 to 1 in. (Note 1)
H Head Height, min., in. 0.476
F Head Across Flats, in. 1.088 to 1.125
G Head Across Corners, in. 1.425 to 1.591
E Body diameter is controlled by the
roll threading operation.
Note 1—When specified by the customer on the order or contract, the ⁄8 in.
diameter bolt may be supplied at:
H—0.400
F—0.906 to 0.938
G—1.244 to 1.326
Note 2—When specified by the customer on the order or contract, a shoulder,
collar, or swell equal to the body diameter of a ⁄4-in. diameter bolt may be applied
5 3
under the head of a ⁄8-in. diameter bolt for a length of approximately ⁄16 in.
Note 3—Bolt head may have depressed center.
NOTE 1—See 8.3.1 for threads. Effective thread length shall be
Note 4—See Table 9 for head markings.
minimum 3 ⁄4 in. from any crimped location. Pinched ears may be
Note 5—External threads altered during the manufacturing process to facilitate
product installation shall maintain the minimum 3 ⁄4 in. effective thread length from
provided to support the expansion shell during installation.
any crimped location.
NOTE 2—E Body diameter is established by the method of threading.
Note 6—Forging flash is permitted.
NOTE 3—Body diameter is controlled by the roll threading operation.
FIG. 1 Roof and Rock Bolts
NOTE 4—External threads altered during the manufacturing process to
facilitate product installation shall maintain the 3 ⁄4 in. effective thread
length.
8.4.2.1 Type 1 is either circular or square as shown in Fig.
FIG. 2 Threaded Bars
3. It is designed for use with plate washers containing 1 ⁄8-in.
holes, but may be used for all smaller hole sizes.
F432−19
TABLE 8 Special Thread Requirements
External Threads
A B
Nominal Diameter, in. Pitch Diameter, in. Major Diameter, in.
⁄8 –11 0.5531 to 0.5644 0.5952 to 0.6234
⁄4 –10 0.6714 to 0.6832 0.7188 to 0.7482
⁄8 –9 0.7884 to 0.8009 0.8423 to 0.8731
1–8 0.9037 to 0.9168 0.9655 to 0.9980
1 ⁄8 –7 1.0161 to 1.0300 1.0882 to 1.1228
1 ⁄4 –7 1.1409 to 1.1550 1.2132 to 1.2478
1 ⁄8 –6 1.2493 to 1.2643 1.3353 to 1.3726
1 ⁄2 –6 1.3742 to 1.3893 1.4603 to 1.4976
Internal Threads
Maximum Minor Diameter,
C
Nominal Diameter, in. Pitch Diameter, in. in.
⁄8 –11 0.5690 to 0.5797 0.551
Bolt Size, Nominal Outside Inside Diameter, Thickness,
⁄4 –10 0.6880 to 0.6995 0.668
in. Dimension, (I. D.) in. in. (T)
(O. D.) in.
⁄8 –9 0.8058 to 0.8181 0.783
5 11 27
⁄8 2 ⁄16 to ⁄32 0.122 to 0.177
3 13 31
⁄4 2 ⁄16 to ⁄32 0.122 to 0.177
1–8 0.9218 to 0.9350 0.896
7 15 5
⁄8 2 ⁄16 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 9
12 1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 ⁄8 –7 1.0352 to 1.0493 1.006
1 1 1 13
1 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄4 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 1 1 3 17
1 ⁄4 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 ⁄4 –7 1.1602 to 1.1746 1.131
1 5 25
1 ⁄2 31 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 ⁄8 –6 1.2697 to 1.2852 1.236
FIG. 3 Round and Square Hardened Washer Type 1
1 ⁄2 –6 1.3947 to 1.4105 1.361
A
Standard UNC 1A values except minimum reduced by 0.003 in.
B
Standard UNC 1A values except minimum reduced by 0.010 in.
C
Standard UNC 1B values increased by 0.003 in.
Header plates are typically 6 in. wide by 16 to 18 in. long, or
any other shape with an equivalent area.
8.5.2 Bearing and header plates used with frictional anchor-
age devices shall meet the test requirements in 10.3. The hole
sizes and tolerances shall be set by the manufacturer of the
8.4.2.2 Type 2 is the hardened flat washer in accordance
frictional anchorage device.
with Specification F436/F436M. It may be used only when
sufficient clearance is available between the threaded-bar or
8.6 General Components:
threaded-rolled-bar body diameter near the head and the
8.6.1 Dimensions not otherwise specified for cable head
washer hole. This washer is not suitable for use with plate
assemblies,taperedwedges,expansionshells,threadedtapered
washers that contain holes that are more than ⁄8 in. greater in
plugs,beveledwashers,sphericalwashers,threadedcouplings,
diameter than the nominal bolt diameter.
andextensionsshallbebyagreementbetweentheproducerand
8.5 Bearing and Header Plate Requirements: the purchaser.
8.5.1 Bearingandheaderplatesmaybeofanythicknessthat
8.7 Nuts:
successfully meets the test requirements in accordance with
8.7.1 Nuts shall be hex, heavy hex, square, or heavy square
10.3. The maximum hole size for use with bolts up to ⁄4-in.
in accordance with ASME B 18.2.2. Unless otherwise
nominal diameter shall be 1 ⁄8 in. except that hole size may be
specified, the heavy series shall be supplied.
1 ⁄2 in. when spherical washers or seats are used. Tolerance on
8.8 Dimensions of Expandable Rock Bolts:
hole diameter shall be −0, ⁄8 in. Bearing plates for direct
bearing applications shall be 6 by 6 in. before the forming or 8.8.1 Dimensions of expandable rock bolts shall be speci-
fied by the manufacturer. Nominal length dimensions shall be
shapingprocesswithtolerancesforlengthandwidthof 6 ⁄8in.
Larger bearing plates may be furnished, dimensions and maintained between + ⁄2 in., -1 in. as agreed upon between
manufacturer and purchaser.
tolerances to be by agreement between the producer and the
purchaser. Smaller bearing plates may be used in conjunction 8.8.2 Manufacturer shall specify original expandable rock
with steel channels, with other accessories, or in hard rock bolt tubing diameter in the specific product certification docu-
areas by agreement between the producer and the purchaser. ments.
F432−19
9. Number of Tests and Retests 10.3 Tests of Bearing and Header Plates:
10.3.1 Locate the bearing plate sample centrally on a steel
9.1 Bars—Two tension tests shall be made from each heat
testplatecontainingahole4in.indiameter.Thesteeltestplate
for each nominal diameter of bars unless the finished material
shall be the dimensions shown in Fig. 4. Exert a load on the
from a heat is less than 30 tons, when one tension test will be
bearing plate by either (1) assembling bolt or threaded rod and
sufficient.
nutthroughthebearingplate,placingtheplateassemblyonthe
9.2 Bolts, Threaded Bars, Bearing and Header Plates,
crosshead of a testing machine, gripping the bolt or rod, and
FrictionalAnchorage Devices, Expandable Rock Bolts, andAll
pulling down with the upper platen, or (2) pushing down with
Types of Washers—The requirements of this specification shall
a punch having a diameter of approximately 1.75 in. or equal
be met in continuous mass production. The manufacturer shall
to the rock bolt’s loading surface outside diameter, whichever
make sample inspections and tests to ensure that the product
is greater, mounted underneath the upper platen onto the plate
represented by the test samples conforms to the specified
assembly placed on the lower platen of the testing machine. If
requirements. The manufacturer shall select and test a mini-
it is to be included in the actual installation, include in the test
mum of two bolts, threaded bars, bearing and header plates,
assembly a hardened washer of the type defined in this
frictionalanchoragedevices,expandablerockbolts,andwash-
specification. Apply an initial preload of 6000 lbf and then
ers from each discontinuous turn or each 24 h of continuous
place a measuring device accurate to 0.001 in. so as to be
production.
capable of measuring the axial movement of the bolt head or
9.3 Improper preparation of test specimens may give erro-
ram. Set the measuring device to zero after application of the
neous results. Improperly prepared specimens shall be dis-
6000-lbf preload. Increase the load to 15000 lbf and read the
carded and other specimens substituted.
axial movement, defined as deflection, from the measuring
device.Themaximumpermissibledeflectionbetweenthe6000
9.4 If any test specimen fails to meet the specification
and 15000-lbf loads is 0.120 in. Continue the application of
requirements because of failure of testing equipment or im-
loaduntilthegraderatingoftheplateisreachedandagainread
proper specimen preparation, it may be discarded and another
theaxialmovementfromthemeasuringdevice.Themaximum
specimen taken.
permissibledeflectionbetween6000lbfandthegraderatingis
0.250 in.
10. Test Methods
10.3.2 Test large bearing plates (maximum dimension
10.1 Test bars used for the manufacture of bolts and
greater than 7 in. and header plates for span performance in
threadedbarsforyieldpoint,tensilestrength,andelongationin
accordance with 10.3.2.1.
accordance with the Determination of Tensile Properties Sec-
10.3.2.1 Locate the plate sample centrally on a steel test
tion of Test Methods and Definitions A370.
plate containing a clear span of 6 in. The steel test plate shall
10.2 Tensiontestboltsandthreadedbarsinaccordancewith
bethedimensionsshowninFig.5.Exertaloadontheplateby
the Wedge Tension Testing of Full Size Product paragraph of
either (1) assembling bolt or threaded rod and nut through the
Test Methods F606/F606M for tensile strength. Obtain the
plate, placing the plate assembly on the crosshead of a testing
yield point in the course of this test by the Autographic
machine, gripping the bolt or rod, and pulling down with the
Diagram Method or the 0.2% Offset Method as described in
upper platen, or (2) pushing down with a punch having a
the paragraphs on Tension Testing of Machined Test Speci-
diameter of approximately 1.75 in. or equal to the rock bolt’s
mens of Test Methods F606/F606M.
loading surface outside diameter, whichever is greater,
10.2.1 If the length of the bolt or threaded bar exceeds the
mountedunderneaththeupperplatenofthetestingmachine.If
length that can be accommodated by the testing machine, then
it is to be included in the actual installation, include in the test
cuttheheadwithaportionofthebodyinthecaseofbolts,and
assembly a hardened washer of the type defined in this
the thread with a portion of the body, from the bolt or threaded
specification. Apply an initial preload of 1000 lbf and then
bar and test each separately.
place a measuring device accurate to 0.001 in. so as to be
10.2.1.1 Test the section containing the threads for yield
capable of measuring the axial movement of the bolt head or
pointandbreakingloadbyusingthenutintendedforuseonthe
ram. Set the measuring device to zero after application of the
threaded portion with a 10° wedge under the nut and by
1000-lbf preload. Increase the load to 5000 lbf and read the
gripping the bolt body. Failure may not occur by stripping of
axial movement, defined as deflection, from the measuring
threads.
device.Themaximumpermissibledeflectionbetweenthe1000
10.2.1.2 Testthesectioncontainingtheboltheadwitha10°
and 5000-lbf loads is 0.250 in.
wedge under the head and by gripping the body. For smooth
Thetestdescribedin10.3.2.1shallbeperformedtoestablish
bars, it is permissible to increase the hole clearance in the
product performance whenever manufacturing process,
wedge plate to two times the clearance specified in Test
material,orproductdesignchangesoccur.Bearingplatesmade
Methods F606/F606M to accommodate collars or swell under
fromhot-rolledsheetmaterialscoveredinthissectionshallnot
the bolt head. For deformed bars, it is permissible to increase
be required to be routinely tested per 9.2 requirements. Large
the hole clearance of the wedge plate to four times the
bearing plates made from other than hot-rolled sheet materials
clearance specified in Test Methods F606/F606M.
shall still be required to meet 9.2 and 10.3.2.1 requirements.
10.2.1.3 Test bolts containing surface configurations by
gripping a section of the surface configuration and the body of
NOTE3—Theinclusionofcomponentssuchassphericalnuts,spherical
the bolt. washers, wooden header boards, metal channels, etc., in the rock bolt
F432−19
FIG. 4 Bearing Plate Test Plate
NOTE 1—A36 or similar steel.
NOTE 2—Slot to be centrally located.
NOTE 3—DimensionsAand B shall each be a minimum of 2 in. longer than the comparable dimensions of the bearing or header plates to be tested.
FIG. 5 Span Test Plate
F432−19
assembly can significantly affect bearing plate performance. While these
andthenloadingtotheultimatetensilestrength(todestruction)
items are not to be included in the standard grade rating and span tests
ofthehighestgradeboltorrebartobeused.Theassemblyshall
described in 10.3.1 and 10.3.2.1, their influence should be reviewed on an
thenberemovedandexamined.Thethreadedtensionnutsshall
individual basis where bearing plate strength has become an issue.
not have ruptured nor the threads be stripped. At ultimate
10.4 Perform hardness tests of washers and bearing and
tensileloads,distortionoftheboltthreadsaswellaselongation
header plates in accordance with Test Methods F606/F606M.
of the bolt in the engaged thread zone may preclude the
removal of the tension nut.
10.5 Expansion shells and threaded tapered plugs shall be
testedbythemanufacturerinaccordancewiththespecification
NOTE 5—Residual torques are permissible due to the various stop
to which they are supplied.
mechanismsusedintensionnutdesigns.Thesestopmechanismsmustnot
distort the threaded engagement area between the bolt/rebar and tension
10.6 This test is to determine the grade rating specified in
nut. Residual torque shall be determined by the manufacturer.
Table 5 for threaded tapered plugs used in expansion anchors.
10.10 Tests of Notched Bendable Bolts:
This test is not considered to be a routine test to be performed
10.10.1 Notched bendable bolts shall be capable of being
during manufacture, but must be applied in cases where the
bentthroughonebendingcycleasfollows:thebendshallbein
strength and performance of the threaded tapered plug have
the area of the reduced cross section, to an angle of 90°, with
becomeanissue.Thistestcanbeexecutedinavarietyofways,
respect to its original position. The bar at the reduced section
all of which must include installation of the bolt, expansion
shall neither be guided nor restrained during the test. The bolt
shell, and threaded tapered plug in a straight section smooth
shall then be bent in the same manner back to its original
hole of a diameter recommended by the manufacturer 60.030
position.Attheconclusionofthebendtest,anyobviousvisible
in.The test cylinder or block shall be fabricated to dimensions
evidence of cracking shall constitute reason for rejection.
that will allow the expansion anchor to be completely inserted
into the hole and prevent lateral distortion of the hole during
NOTE 6—It is recommended that during the initial tool up process,
testing.The test shall be performed by tightening the assembly
prototype samples be subjected to multiple bending cycles to ensure
adequate notch design.
in the hole and then loading to the minimum non-seizure
(MNSL) load for the grade of plug specified in Table 5. This
10.10.2 Bolts successfully passing the bend test shall be
loading after the initial setting shall be either by axial loading
tension tested with the bendable section in the zone of the
or by the turning of the bolt. The assembly shall then be
tension test. Fully grouted nontensioned bendable bolts shall
removed from the test cylinder or block and examined.
have reached a load of 23000 lbf before breaking. Tensioned
Following an initial full turn (with a wrench, if necessary), the
bendable bolts shall exceed the minimum yield loads in
plugmustberemovablebyatorqueloadnottoexceed10ft-lb.
accordancewiththisspecificationforthegradeanddiameterof
The threaded tapered plug shall not have ruptured nor the
bolt used, plus 6000 lbf. There should be no evidence in the
threads stripped. Threaded tapered plugs for expansion shells
fracture of a prior fracture as a result of the bending test.
must also be capable of withstanding the minimum ultimate
According to Note G of Table 9, all headed Notched Bendable
load(MUL)forthegradeofplugspecifiedinTable5.Thistest
Bolts must be clearly marked with “N” on the head to identify
shall be conducted by repeating the previous procedure and
it is a notched bolt.
loading the assembly to the MUL. The assembly then shall be
10.11 Tests of Roof Truss Components:
removed and examined. No stripping of the plug threads shall
10.11.1 Allcomponentsofrooftrusssystemsshallbetested
have occurred. At the MUL, distortion of the plug or bolt
in accordance with the appropriate paragraph of Section 10 of
threads, or both, may preclude the removal of the plug.
this specification.
NOTE 4—When threaded tapered plugs for expansion shells are used in
10.11.2 Truss brackets shall be tested to failure on a steel
conjunction with chemical grouting materials, the provisions of 7.9 also
fixture in a position consistent with their intended use. Active
are applicable.
loadsshallbeappliedtothetrussbracketthrough(1)theangle
10.7 SeeAnnexA1forinformationconcerningperformance
bolt while the horizontal member is held stationary, and
tests of expansion shell, tapered plugs, tapered wedges, and
through (2) the horizontal member while the angle bolt is held
other anchorage methods and materials.
stationary. The bracket rating shall correspond to the lowest
failure load determined by the tests described here.
10.8 Nuts shall be manufactured and tested in accordance
10.11.2.1 Truss brackets used as primary support shall be
with the specification to which they are supplied, except that
tested as intended to be used over a 4-in. round hole at an
whensospecifiedontheorderorcontract,nutsoftappedsizes
5 3 1
appropriateangletoensurethatthebracketmeetstheminimum
⁄8 and ⁄4 in. may be the same 1 ⁄8-in. dimension across flats as
the head of the bolt shown in Fig. 1. strength requirements of 10.3.
10.12 Tests of Friction Stabilizers:
10.9 Tension nuts must be capable of withstanding the
ultimatetensileloadcapacityoftheboltorrebarofthehighest 10.12.1 Thefrictionstabilizerdevice,withnomodifications
grade with which they are to be used. This test is not or alterations for testing, is installed through a test plate with
considered to be a routine test to be performed during the end of the friction stabilizer (commonly referred to as the
manufacturing,butmustbeappliedincaseswherethestrength head,collar,bearing,orwelded-ringend)againstthetestplate.
and performance of the threaded tension nuts have become an A stud or plug may be inserted in the opposite end of the
issue. This test may be carried out by engaging the threaded friction stabilizer section as necessary to grip the friction
tension nut with the bolt or rebar, supporting the tension nut stabilizer in the test machine apparatus (see Fig. 7). The intent
F432−19
A,B,G,H
TABLE 9 Markings
D E
Nominal Manufacturer’s Diameter Grade Length in Inches
C
Product Size Symbol (or Millimetres)
Headed Plain Bolts
F
GR 40 ⁄4 –diameter and over yes yes none yes
GR 55 ⁄8 –diameter and over yes yes yes
F
GR 60 ⁄8 –diameter and over yes yes yes
GR 75 ⁄8 –diameter and over yes yes yes
GR 100 ⁄8 –diameter yes yes yes
A
No mark
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F432 − 13 F432 − 19
Standard Specification for
Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F432; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for roof and rock bolts and accessories.
Addressed in this specification are double-end threaded and slotted steel bars; fully grouted bolts and threaded bars; mechanical
anchorage devices used for point anchorage applications; roof truss systems; partially grouted deformed bolts; formable anchorage
devices; bearing plates; cable bolt systems; expandable rock bolts and other frictional anchorage devices. All of these products
represent various designs used for ground support systems. This specification can be revised to address new technologies.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This hazard statement applies only to Section 10, Test Methods of this specification.This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A29/A29M Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
A47/A47M Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
A194/A194M Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High
Temperature Service, or Both
A220/A220M Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A416/A416M Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete
A536 Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A882/A882M Specification for Filled Epoxy-Coated Seven-Wire Steel Prestressing Strand
A1011/A1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
D6637 Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method
D1248 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Extrusion Materials for Wire and Cable
F436F436/F436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metric) F0436_F0436M Inch and Metric Dimensions
F606F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
Washers, and Rivets (Metric) F0606_F0606M Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Nuts, Rivets
and Washers.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013Dec. 1, 2019. Published July 2013May 2020. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20102013 as
F432 –10. –13. DOI: 10.1520/F0432-13.10.1520/F0432-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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F432 − 19
2.2 ASME Standards:
B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads
B 1.3M Screw Thread Gaging Systems for Dimensional Acceptability—Inch and Metric Screw Threads
B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 barrel—a device housing normally either 2 or 3 piece cable strand wedges
3.1.2 bearing plates, plate washers, mine roof plates—plates that serve to distribute the load from the exposed end of the bolt
or threaded bar to the rock face or intermediate member.
3.1.2.1 header plates—large rectangular bearing plates, usually 6 in. wide by 16 to 18 in. long, or any other shape with an
equivalent area, used in substitution for wooden header blocks for wider distribution of the bolt load than is possible with standard
bearing plates.
3.1.3 bendable bolts—bolts furnished with an altered section at some location, to be specified by the customer, at which the bar
will bend.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Bending is necessary to permit installation of bars longer than the mine opening height. This altered section may be produced by
hot or cold forging, or by shearing, sawing, trimming, machining, grinding, or a combination of these processes.
3.1.4 beveled washers—washers whose faces are at an angle permitting a headed bolt or threaded bar to be installed at a slight
angle to the rock face and yet maintained the face of the bolt head perpendicular to the bolt axis.
3.1.5 cable bolt—cable strand with an assembly placed on the end for installation and load resistance purposes.
3.1.6 chemical anchors—chemical materials that provide anchorage between the bolt or bar and the drilled hole.
3.1.7 discontinuous turn—discontinuous turn shall include material heat changes, interruptions to the manufacturing operation
exceeding 8 hrs, and significant machinery adjustments that materially alter the manufacturing process. The discontinuous turn
shall apply to all separate manufacturing stations separate from the material heat change criteria. A material length change will not
constitute a “discontinuous turn” as provided in this definition.
3.1.8 expandable rock bolt—rock support device that consists of a steel tube, folded or collapsed on itself, that can be inserted
into a borehole and expanded, by means of high internal pressure, against the wall of the borehole. The product anchorage is
developed through a combination of friction and mechanical interlock of the expanded profile against the borehole wall after the
internal expansion pressure used for installation has been relieved.
3.1.9 expansion shells—anchorage devices that, separate from the bar or bolt, mechanically expand to grip the sides of a drilled
hole and transfer load between the location of the anchor to the bar or bolt.
3.1.10 extensions—threaded bars used to extend the length of threaded or threaded slotted bars.
3.1.11 formable anchorage devices— any roof support devices that provide anchorage through some means of physical
interference and engagement of the surface of a bar or bolt with any formable material, other than chemical grout, in a borehole.
3.1.11 frictional anchorage devices—ground support devices, friction stabilizers, that are designed so that the holding
force/anchorage is generated by frictional forces between the surface of the borehole and the surface of the device. The frictional
forces can be active over the full or partial length of the device.
3.1.12 fully grouted bolts and threaded bars—deformed bars or plain bars used with full-length grouting and having special
deformations or other design features to provide interlocking between the steel and the grout.
3.1.13 hardened washers—washers that have been hardened by heat treatment to provide consistency to the torque tension
relation necessary to control installation tension of bolts and threaded bars.
3.1.14 minimum non-seizure load (MNSL)—the load level in pounds through which bolt/plug thread seizure must not occur.
3.1.15 minimum ultimate load (MUL)—the load level in pounds through which bolt/plug thread failure must not occur.
3.1.16 rollers, cams—moving devices that, when used with internally threaded cylinders containing external tapered slots,
provide expansion to grip the sides of a drilled hole mechanically and transfer load from the location of the anchor to the bar or
bolt.
3.1.17 roof and rock bolts—headed hot-rolled bars with cold-rolled or machine-cut threads at the end, to be used with anchorage
devices to hold up mine roofs, hold back walls, or hold down equipment or foundations.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, ThreeTwo Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990,
http://www.asme.org.
F432 − 19
3.1.18 roof truss system—a roof support system incorporating bolts that are joined together by crossmember(s) that is (are)
tensioned by design.
3.1.19 strand—a group of wires normally having helically placed outer wires with uniform pitch.
3.1.20 spherical washers or seats—washers that are flat on one side and have a spherical face on the other side. The combination
of spherical washer together with a depression in the bearing plate produces a ball-and-socket joint permitting bolts to be installed
at a slight angle to the rock face while still maintaining the face of the bolt head perpendicular to the bolt axis.
3.1.21 tapered wedges—tension nuts—plain wedges that provide the expansion for threaded slotted bars.nuts that are intended
to induce and maintain tension in a bolt.
3.1.23 tension nuts—nuts that are intended to induce and maintain tension in a bolt.
3.1.22 threaded bars—bars that are used with a nut on one end and an anchorage device on the other. They are used in a manner
similar to the bolts described in 3.1.183.1.17.
3.1.23 threaded couplings—couplings used to permit the assembly of additional externally threaded items.
3.1.26 threaded slotted bars—bars threaded at one end each with a forged, burned, or sawed slot at the other, into which a
tapered wedge can be inserted. When each assembly is driven into a bottomed hole, the wedge spreads the slot and an anchorage
is produced.
3.1.24 threaded tapered plugs—threaded wedge that expands the expansion shell by the movement of the threaded plug within
the shell as tightening progresses.
3.1.25 wedge—pieces of tapered metal with teeth which bite into the strand under load.
3.1.25.1 Discussion—
Two or three piece wedges are normally used.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include at least the following information:
4.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces),
4.1.2 Name of product together with description of accessories,
4.1.3 Dimensions,
4.1.4 ASTM designation and year of issue, including strength grade,
4.1.5 Special requirements, if any, including packaging and thread protection instructions, and
4.1.6 Certifications, if required.
4.2 The products covered by this specification are currently produced by many manufacturers to a wide variety of designs. It
is necessary for the user and the manufacturer to establish the requirements of the individual installation and to agree as to the type
of assembly to be employed. See Annex A1 and Appendix X1 for additional information.
5. Manufacturing Processes
5.1 Materials for Bolts, Extensions, and Threaded or Threaded Slotted Bars:
5.1.1 Steel used for plain bars shall conform to the requirements shown in Table 12 and in Specification A29/A29M for plain
bars or Specification. Steel used for deformed or plain bars shall conform A615/A615M for plain or deformed barsto the
requirements shown in Table 2 unless otherwiseand Specification A615/A615Mspecified.
5.1.1.1 Threaded slotted bars may have the slot produced by forging, burning, or sawing. Burned slots of Grades 55 and 75
threaded slotted bars must have the slotted end normalized by heating to a minimum of 1600°F and air cooling subsequent to
burning.
5.1.1.1 Threads on bolts or threaded bars may be cold rolled or machine cut on the hot-rolled bars.
5.1.2 Steel strands for use as cable bolts shall conform to Specification A416/A416M.
5.1.3 Filled epoxy steel strands for use as cable bolts shall conform to Specification A882/A882M.
5.2 Materials for Tapered Wedges for Use With Threaded Slotted Bars:
5.2.1 Malleable iron casting shall conform to Specification A47/A47M.
TABLE 21 Appropriate Nuts
Bolt, Threaded Bar, Bolt or Threaded Nut Specification
Slotted Bar Grade
30 (regular strength) A194/A194M, Grade 1; A563, Grade B
55 (high strength) A194/A194M, Grade 1; A563, Grade B
75 (extra high strength) A194/A194M, Grade 2; A563, Grade C
F432 − 19
TABLE 12 Chemical Requirements
Product Carbon, max, % Sulfur, max, % Phosphorus, max,
%
Heat Product Heat Product Heat Product
Bolts, threaded
bars, and threaded
A B
slotted bars 0.75 0.79 0.13 0.050 0.058
Bolts, threaded
A B
bars 0.75 0.79 0.13 0.050 0.058
B
Steel tapered wedges 0.80 0.84 0.13 0.050 0.058
Hardened spherical,
flat, or beveled
washers 0.80 0.84 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
Spherical or beveled
washers 0.80 0.84 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
Bearing and header
plates 1.00 1.04 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
Steel threaded tapered
B
plugs 0.60 0.64 0.13 0.050 0.058
Steel expansion shells 0.30 0.33 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
A
Bars furnished in accordance with the chemical composition section of Specifi-
cation A615/A615M may be substituted for these requirements.
B
Check analysis for sulfur if a resulfurized steel is not technically appropriate.
5.2.2 Pearlitic malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification A220/A220M, Grades 45006 or 50005.
5.2.3 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in Table 1.
5.2 Materials for Expansion Shells:
5.2.1 Malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification A47/A47M.
5.2.2 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in Table 12.
5.2.3 Ductile iron castings shall conform to Specification A536, Grades 60-40-18.
5.3 Materials for Threaded Tapered Plugs Used with Expansion Shells:
5.3.1 Materials for threaded tapered plugs used with expansion shells shall conform to the test specifications in 10.810.6.
5.4 Materials for Bearing and Header Plates, Also Known As Plate Washers or Mine Roof Plates:
5.4.1 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in Table 12.
5.4.1.1 Bearing and header plates may be strengthened by cold forming or may be hardened by quenching in a liquid medium
from above the austenitizing temperature and tempering at a temperature of not less than 650°F.
5.5 Materials for Spherical, Flat, or Beveled Hardened Washers:
5.5.1 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in Table 12.
5.5.1.1 Hardened steel washers shall be through hardened by quenching in a liquid medium from above the austenitizing
temperature and tempering at a temperature of not less than 650°F.650 °F. Case-hardened washers are not permitted.
5.6 Materials for Spherical or Beveled Washers:
5.6.1 Malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification A47/A47M.
5.6.2 Pearlitic malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification A220/A220M, Grades 45006, 50005, or 60004.
5.6.3 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in Table 12.
5.7 Materials for Nuts:
5.7.1 Nuts shall be in accordance with Specifications A194/A194M or A563. Appropriate nuts for each grade of threaded bar
are shown in Table 21. Higher strength nuts conforming to Specifications A194/A194M or A563 may be substituted. When
specified on the order or contract, nuts with external dimensions of nominal ⁄4-in. in. heavy hex or heavy square size may be
5 5
supplied with ⁄8-in. in. threads for use with ⁄8-in. in. threaded bars.
5.8 Materials for Chemical Grouting Materials:
5.8.1 Chemical grouting materials are covered in Annex A3 of this specification.
5.9 Materials for Threaded Couplings:
5.9.1 Materials for threaded couplings shall be selected by the manufacturer to ensure compliance with 7.6 and 8.6.1.
5.10 Materials for Bolts and Threaded Bars for Use in Grouted Systems—Plain or deformed steel bars shall conform to Table
12 or Specification A615/A615M. chemical properties. Mechanical properties shall conform to requirements listed within this
specification.
5.11 Materials for Friction Stabilizers—Sheet steel shall conform to requirements specified in Specification A1011/A1011M,
Table 2 HSLAS Class 2 material per Table 3.Table 6.
F432 − 19
TABLE 36 Mechanical Properties of Sheet Steel for the
Manufacture of Friction Stabilizers
A
Designation Nominal Diameter, Minimum yield
B
in strength,
C
psi
33 1.33 60 000
39 1.54 60 000
46 1.81 50 000
A
Designation denotes traditional reference to nominal millimeter diameter mea-
surement as previously established.
B
As measured across bolt diameter perpendicular to the slot as indicated in Fig.
76.
C
Per Specification A1011/A1011M.
5.12 Materials for Truss Systems:
5.12.1 Components of roof truss systems shall be manufactured in accordance with the appropriate paragraph(s) of Section 5
of this specification.
5.14 Materials for Formable Anchors:
5.14.1 Materials for formable anchor tubes are as follows:
5.14.1.1 Polyethylenes used for formable anchor tubes shall conform to ASTM D1248 Classification Type III, Class A or B,
Category 5.
NOTE 1—All shapes, compositions, and properties of formable anchor materials are not covered by this specification. Users must ensure that the
formable anchor material offered is suitable for its intended use.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 Materials used for bolts, threaded bars, threaded slotted bars, spherical, flat, or beveled washers, threaded tapered plugs,
tapered wedges, expansion shells, bearing plates, and roof truss components shall be as specified in Table 12 and Section 5.
6.2 Materials for all cast or wrought metallic items other than those covered in 6.1 shall conform to the requirements as specified
in Section 5.
6.3 Individual heats of steel or cast iron are not identified in any of the finished products.
6.4 Chemical analyses for steel products shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology
A751.
6.5 Materials for formable anchors shall conform to the requirements, if applicable, specified in Section 5.
6.6 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.
6.4 Material for friction stabilizers shall conform to requirements specified in Specification A1011/A1011M, Table 2 HSLAS
Class 2 material per Table 3. Table 6.
7. Mechanical Properties
7.1 Mechanical properties of steel bars, for the manufacture of bolts, threaded bars, or threaded slotted bars bars, shall be as
specified in Table 43 for the required grade.
TABLE 43 Mechanical Properties of Steel Bars for the
Manufacture of Bolts, Threaded Bars, Bolts and Threaded Slotted
AB
Bars
Grade Nominal Yield Point Tensile Elongation in
Diameter, min, psi Strength min, 8 in. or 200
C
in. psi mm Minimum,
%
D
3 1
40 ⁄4 –1 ⁄2 40 000 70 000 12
5 1
55 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 55 000 85 000 12
D
5 1
60 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 60 000 90 000 9
5 1
75 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 75 000 100 000 8
5 1
100 ⁄8 –1 ⁄2 100 000 125 000 6
A
Test of bars shall be performed full size.
B
Higher grades would be produced in 20 000-psi increments. The minimum
tensile strength shall be 25 000 psi above the minimum yield strength. The
minimum elongation shall be 4 % for all grades above 100.
C
Actual bar diameters are somewhat less than nominal, especially when roll
threading methods are employed.
D
Grade 40 and 60 only apply to deformed bar.
F432 − 19
7.2 Mechanical properties of steel bolts, threaded bars, and threaded slotted bars whose slots have been produced without
material removal the threaded portion of steel bolts and threaded bars, shall be as specified in Table 54 for the required grade.
7.3 Expansion shells, threaded tapered plugs, tapered wedges, and spherical washers shall conform to the applicable
specification of Section 5 and shall successfully perform the required purpose as described in Annex A1.
7.4 Bearing plates and header plates that are strengthened by quenching and tempering shall have a maximum hardness of 45
HRC.shall be provided in 10 000-lbf grade increments. The minimum grade rating permitted shall be 20 000 lbf.
7.4.1 Bearing plates and header plates shall be provided in 10 000-lbf grade increments. The minimum grade rating permitted
shall be 20 000 lbf.
7.5 Hardened washers shall have a hardness range from 35 to 45 HRC.
7.6 Threaded couplings must be capable of developing the actual yield and exceeding tensile values of the bolt, threaded bar,
or threaded slotted bar threaded bolt with which they are to be used.used, as specified in Table 4.
7.7 Extensions must be in accordance with 7.1 and 7.2 for the grade of item specified.
7.8 Mechanical properties for bolts and threaded bars for use in grouted systems shall be as specified in Table 43 for plain bars;
and Table 43 or Specificationand Table 4 A615/A615Mfor deformed bars. Bolts and threaded bars made from plain material must
contain some design feature to provide interlocking between the steel and the grout. These items can be supplied threaded or
headed.
7.9 Threaded slotted bars whose slots have been produced by burning shall be heat treated by normalizing in accordance with
5.1.1. The normalizing heat treatment and the removal of material from the slot, whether it be by burning or sawing, will result
in lower test values. When either the burning or sawing or other methods involving metal removal are used, the mechanical
properties of threaded slotted bolts shall be as specified in Table 6.
7.9 Threaded tapered plugs for expansion anchors must be capable of withstanding the minimum nonseizurenon-seizure load
(MNSL) and minimum ultimate load (MUL), in accordance with Table 75.
7.10 Tension nuts must be capable of withstanding the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt or rebar of the highest grade with
which they are to be used.
7.11 The mechanical properties of components of roof truss systems shall be in accordance with the appropriate paragraph(s)
of this section.
7.11.1 Truss brackets shall be provided in 10 000-lbf grade increments.
7.13 Formable anchor materials shall conform to the applicable specifications of Section 5.
TABLE 54 Load Support Requirements of the Threaded Portion of Steel Bolts, Threaded Bars, and Thread Deformed Bars (see Annex
A
A2), and Threaded Slotted Bars Whose Slot Has Been Produced Without Metal Removal)
Nominal Thread Grade
Diameter (in.)/ Stress Area, B B
40 55 60 75 100
Thread /in. in.
C C C C C
Yield lbs UltimateTensile Yield lbs UltimateTensile Yield lbs UltimateTensile Yield lbs UltimateTensile Yield lbs UltimateTensile
C C C C C
lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
D D
⁄8 –11 0.226 12 400 19 200 13 600 20 300 17 000 22 600 22 600 26 300
⁄4 –10 0.334 13 400 23 400 18 400 28 400 20 000 30 100 25 100 33 400 33 400 41 800
⁄8 –9 0.462 18 500 32 300 25 400 39 300 27 700 41 600 34 700 46 200 46 200 57 800
1–8 0.606 24 200 42 400 33 300 51 500 36 400 54 500 45 500 60 600 60 600 75 800
1 ⁄8 –7 0.763 30 500 53 400 42 000 64 900 45 800 68 700 57 200 76 300 76 300 95 400
1 ⁄4 –7 0.969 38 800 67 800 53 300 82 400 58 100 87 200 72 700 96 900 96 900 121 100
1 ⁄8 –6 1.155 46 200 80 900 63 500 96 200 69 300 104 000 86 600 115 500 115 500 144 400
1 ⁄2 –6 1.405 56 200 98 400 77 300 119 400 84 300 126 500 105 400 140 500 140 500 175 600
A
Tests of bolts and threaded bars shall be performed using full-diameter products.
B
Information for Gr 40 and 60 only applies to deformed bars.
C
Required yield and tensile loads shown are calculated by multiplying thread stress areas times the yield point and tensile strength values shown in Table 3. Thread stress
area is calculated from the mean root and pitch diameters of adrenal threads as follows:
0.9743
A 50.7854 D 2
S D
s
n
where:
A = stress area, in.
s
D = nominal diameter, in., and
n = number of threads per inch.
n = number of threads per in.
D
⁄8 in. Gr 40 products are not covered.
F432 − 19
TABLE 75 Plug Grade Rating System
Nominal Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
Diameter,
A B A B A B A B
MNSL MUL MNSL MUL MNSL MUL MNSL MUL
in.
⁄2 7.0 14.2 10.7 17.0 13.5 19.9 16.3 22.7
⁄8 12.4 22.6 17.0 27.1 21.5 31.6 26.0 36.1
⁄4 18.4 33.4 25.1 40.1 31.7 46.8† 38.4 53.4†
⁄4 18.4 33.4 25.1 40.1 31.7 46.8 38.4 53.4
⁄8 25.4† 46.2 34.7 55.4 40.0 64.7 40.0 73.9
⁄8 25.4 46.2 34.7 55.4 40.0 64.7 40.0 73.9
1 33.3 60.6 40.0 72.7 40.0 84.8 40.0 96.9
1 ⁄8 40.0 76.3 40.0 91.6 40.0 106.8 40.0 122.0
1 ⁄4 40.0 96.9 40.0 116.3 40.0 135.7 40.0 155.0†
1 ⁄4 40.0 96.9 40.0 116.3 40.0 135.7 40.0 155.0
1 ⁄8 40.0 115.5† 40.0 138.6 40.0 161.7 40.0 184.8
1 ⁄8 40.0 115.5 40.0 138.6 40.0 161.7 40.0 184.8
1 ⁄2 40.0 140.5† 40.0 168.6 40.0 196.7 40.0 224.8
1 ⁄2 40.0 140.5 40.0 168.6 40.0 196.7 40.0 224.8
A
MNSL—Minimum Non-Seizure Load (1000 lb).
B
MUL—Minimum Ultimate Load (1000 lb).
7.12 Mechanical properties for friction stablilizerstabilizers shall conform to requirements specified in Specification A1011/
A1011M, Table 4 HSLAS, Class 2 material. Specific mechanical properties for various size friction stablizersstabilizers are listed
in Table 36 and Table 87.
7.13 Cable bolts, when pull tested to failure against the head assembly, must achieve 90% of the minimum breaking strength
per Specification A416/A416M
7.14 Mechanical properties for expandable rock bolts shall meet manufacturer’s stated minimum yield, ultimate load, and
elongation as per testing requirement defined in 10.1610.14.
8. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
8.1 Threaded bolts and deformed bar bolts shall conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1.
8.1.1 Deformed bar bolts are bars that have been forged to produce one of the standard heads described shall conform to the
requirements of Table 1 in Fig. 1Specification A615/A615M.
8.2 Threaded and threaded slotted bars bars and extension bolts shall conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 2.
8.3 Thread Requirements:
NOTE 1—Thread size variations can be expected due to bar diameter and out-of-round variations. These special requirements reflect practices for
external and internal threads that have been found to provide adequate strength and interchangeability.
8.3.1 External threads shall be in accordance with ASME B 1.1 UNC 1A except that the minimum pitch diameter has been
reduced by 0.003 in. and the minimum major diameter has been reduced 0.010 in. to reflect the normal variations expected on
hot-rolled bars due to the combined effect of bar diameter and out-of-round tolerances. Information on this increased tolerance is
described in Note 32. The modified requirements are listed in Table 98.
NOTE 2—External threads that are to be used with threaded tapered plugs in expansion anchors are permitted to have somewhat increased pitch and
major diameter tolerance. As bolt load is increased, the tendency for thread failure through nut diametrical expansion normally increases; however, in
the case of threaded tapered plugs, increased load is accompanied by an increasing compression of the internal threads onto the external threads. This
compensation for decreased major diameter is further augmented by the length of engagement which is longer than for standard nuts. Nuts to be used
with threaded bars and threaded slotted bars shall be selected to provide adequate strength under these thread conditions.
TABLE 87 Load Support and Dimensional Requirements for
Friction StablilizersStabilizers
A
Designation Nominal Minimum OD tolerance, Length Tolerance,
C
Diameter, Ultimate in. in.
B
in. Load,
lbs
1 1
33 1.33 20 000 ± 0.03 + ⁄4 , - ⁄2
1 1
39 1.54 23 000 + 0.02,-0.04 + ⁄4 , - ⁄2
1 1
46 1.81 32 500 ± 0.03 + ⁄4 , - ⁄2
A
Designation denotes traditional reference to nominal millimeter diameter mea-
surement as previously established.
B
As measured across bolt diameter perpendicular to the slot as indicated in Fig. 76
C
Bolt length is measured end-to-end (actual friction stabilizer tubing length).
F432 − 19
Nominal Bolt Size, ⁄8 to 1 in. ((NoteNote 1) 1)
H Head Height, min., in. 0.476
F Head Across Flats, in. 1.088 to 1.125
G Head Across Corners, in. 1.425 to 1.591
E Body diameter is controlled by the
roll threading operation.
Note 1—When specified by the customer on the order or contract, the ⁄8-in. in.
diameter bolt may be supplied at:
H—0.400
F—0.906 to 0.938
G—1.244 to 1.326
Note 2—When specified by the customer on the order or contract, a shoulder,
collar, or swell equal to the body diameter of a ⁄4-in. diameter bolt may be applied
5 3
under the head of a ⁄8-in. diameter bolt for a length of approximately ⁄16 in.
Note 3—Pinched ears may be provided to support the expansion shell during
NOTE 1—Pinched ears may be provided to support the expansion shell
installation.
during installation.
Note 4—BoltNote 3—Bolt head may have depressed center.
Note 5—SeeNote 4—See Table 109 for head markings.
NOTE 1—See 8.3.1 for threads. Effective thread length shall be
Note 6—See 8.3.1 for threads. Effective thread length shall be a minimum of
minimum 3 ⁄4 in. from any crimped location. Pinched ears may be
3 ⁄4-in. from any crimped location.
provided to support the expansion shell during installation.
Note 7—Forging flash is permitted.
NOTE 2—E Body diameter is established by the method of threading.
Note 8—ExternalNote 5—External threads altered during the manufacturing
3 NOTE 3—Body diameter is controlled by the roll threading operation.
process to facilitate product installation shall maintain the minimum 3 ⁄4 in. effective
thread length. length from any crimped location.
NOTE 4—External threads altered during the manufacturing process to
Note 6—Forging flash is permitted.
facilitate product installation shall maintain the 3 ⁄4 in. effective thread
FIG. 1 Roof and Rock Bolts
length.
FIG. 2 Threaded Bars and Slotted Threaded Bars
F432 − 19
TABLE 98 Special Thread Requirements
External Threads
A B
Nominal Diameter, in. Pitch Diameter, in. Major Diameter, in.
⁄8 –11 0.5531 to 0.5644 0.5952 to 0.6234
⁄4 –10 0.6714 to 0.6832 0.7188 to 0.7482
⁄8 –9 0.7884 to 0.8009 0.8423 to 0.8731
1–8 0.9037 to 0.9168 0.9655 to 0.9980
1 ⁄8 –7 1.0161 to 1.0300 1.0882 to 1.1228
1 ⁄4 –7 1.1409 to 1.1550 1.2132 to 1.2478
1 ⁄8 –6 1.2493 to 1.2643 1.3353 to 1.3726
1 ⁄2 –6 1.3742 to 1.3893 1.4603 to 1.4976
Internal Threads
Maximum Minor Diameter,
C
Nominal Diameter, in. Pitch Diameter, in. in.
⁄8 –11 0.5690 to 0.5797 0.551
⁄4 –10 0.6880 to 0.6995 0.668
⁄8 –9 0.8058 to 0.8181 0.783
1–8 0.9218 to 0.9350 0.896
1 ⁄8 –7 1.0352 to 1.0493 1.006
1 ⁄4 –7 1.1602 to 1.1746 1.131
1 ⁄8 –6 1.2697 to 1.2852 1.236
1 ⁄2 –6 1.3947 to 1.4105 1.361
A
Standard UNC 1A values except minimum reduced by 0.003 in.
B
Standard UNC 1A values except minimum reduced by 0.010 in.
C
Standard UNC 1B values increased by 0.003 in.
8.3.2 External threads altered during the manufacturing process to facilitate product installation shall still maintain the 3 ⁄4 in.
effective thread length. External threads at “head or exposed” end of bolt may have variable thread length for specific applications.
Threads intended to be used to couple bolt sections together may be less than 3 ⁄4 in. effective thread length by agreement between
supplier and purchaser for specific product applications.
8.3.3 Internal threads in threaded tapered plugs and threaded couplings shall be in accordance with ASME B 1.1 UNC 1B except
that the threads shall be tapped oversize. This oversize is an increase in the pitch diameter of 0.003 in. to allow for handling damage
on the external thread and dirt and long engagement in the internal thread. The maximum minor diameters are standard 1B for 1 ⁄2
to 3 diameter length of engagement. The modified requirements are listed in Table 98.
8.3.4 Internal threads in nuts shall be tapped standard UNC 2B size in accordance with ASME B 1.1 or may be tapped oversize
in accordance with 8.3.3 with agreement of producer and purchaser.
8.3.5 Gaging of threads shall be performed in accordance with System 21, ASME B 1.3M. Pitch diameter and thread crest
diameter limits are specified in Table 98.
8.3.6 Threaded tapered plugs shall have a tapped length at least equal to one times the nominal bolt diameter with which they
are to be used.
8.3.7 Threaded couplings shall have a tapped length at least equal to two times the nominal bolt diameter with which they are
to be used.
8.4 Washer Requirements:
8.4.1 Round and square hardened washers shall be as shown in Fig. 3.
8.4.2 There are two types of hardened flat washers available. Type 1 is to be furnished unless otherwise specified.
8.4.2.1 Type 1 is either circular or square as shown in Fig. 3. It is designed for use with plate washers containing 1 ⁄8-in. holes,
but may be used for all smaller hole sizes.
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Bolt Size, Nominal Outside Inside Diameter, Thickness,
in. Dimension, (I. D.) in. in. (T)
(O. D.) in.
5 11 27
⁄8 2 ⁄16 to ⁄32 0.122 to 0.177
3 13 31
⁄4 2 ⁄16 to ⁄32 0.122 to 0.177
7 15 5
⁄8 2 ⁄16 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 9
1 2 1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 1 1 13
1 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄4 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 1 3 17
1 ⁄4 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
1 5 25
1 ⁄2 3 1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄32 0.132 to 0.177
FIG. 3 Round and Square Hardened Washer Type 1
8.4.2.2 Type 2 is the hardened flat washer in accordance with Specification F436F436/F436M. It may be used only when
sufficient clearance is available between the threaded-bar or threaded-rolled-bar body diameter near the head and the washer hole.
This washer is not suitable for use with plate washers that contain holes that are more than ⁄8 in. greater in diameter than the
nominal bolt diameter.
8.5 Bearing and Header Plate Requirements:
8.5.1 Bearing and header plates may be of any thickness that successfully meets the test requirements in accordance with
3 3
10.410.3. The maximum hole size for use with bolts up to ⁄4-in. nominal diameter shall be 1 ⁄8 in. except that hole size may be
1 1
1 ⁄2 in. when spherical washers or seats are used. Tolerance on hole diameter shall be −0, ⁄8 in. Bearing plates for direct bearing
applications shall be 6 by 6 in. before the forming or shaping process with tolerances for length and width of 6 ⁄8 in. Larger bearing
plates may be furnished, dimensions and tolerances to be by agreement between the producer and the purchaser. Smaller bearing
plates may be used in conjunction with steel channels, with other accessories, or in hard rock areas by agreement between the
producer and the purchaser. Header plates are typically 6 in. wide by 16 to 18 in. long, or any other shape with an equivalent area.
8.5.2 Bearing and header plates used with frictional anchorage devices shall meet the test requirements in 10.410.3. The hole
sizes and tolerances shall be set by the manufacturer of the frictional anchorage device.
8.6 General Components:
8.6.1 Dimensions not otherwise specified for cable head assemblies, tapered wedges, expansion shells, threaded tapered plugs,
beveled washers, spherical washers, threaded couplings, and extensions shall be by agreement between the producer and the
purchaser.
8.7 Nuts:
8.7.1 Nuts shall be hex, heavy hex, square, or heavy square in accordance with ASME B 18.2.2. Unless otherwise specified, the
heavy series shall be supplied.
8.8 Surface Configuration on Formable Anchor Bars or Bolts:
8.8.1 Surface configurations on steel bars or bolts to be used with polyethylenes, as specified in 5.14.1.1, formable anchorage
devices.
8.8.1.1 Three pitch modified reverse buttress form as described in Fig. 4.
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8.9 Dimensions of Formable Anchor Tubes:
8.9.1 Dimensions of formable anchor tubes made from materials conforming to 5.14.1.
8.9.1.1 The wall thickness of the formable anchor tube shall be as specified by the manufacturer 60.015 in.
8.9.1.2 The weight per inch of formable anchor tubes shall be as specified by the manufacturer 68 %.
8.9.1.3 The length of formable anchor tubes shall be as specified by the manufacturer 60.250 in.
NOTE 4—Barrier plugs may be used with the formable anchor tubes to separate grouted or chemically anchored segments of the bars or bolts from
formable anchorage devices. In such cases, the barrier plug shall be considered as a portion of the tube length.
8.8 Dimensions of Expandable Rock Bolts:
8.8.1 Dimensions of expandable rock bolts shall be specified by the manufacturer. Nominal length dimensions shall be
maintained between + ⁄2 in,in., -1 in. as agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
8.8.2 Manufacturer shall specify original expandable rock bolt tubing diameter in the specific product certification documents.
9. Number of Tests and Retests
9.1 Bars—Two tension tests shall be made from each heat for each nominal diameter of bars unless the finished material from
a heat is less than 30 tons, when one tension test will be sufficient. Certification by the bar supplier that the requirements of Table
4 have been met is an acceptable substitute for these bar tension tests.
9.2 Bolts, Threaded Bars, Threaded Slotted Bars, Bearing and Header Plates, Frictional Anchorage Devices, Expandable Rock
Bolts, and All Types of Washers—The requirements of this specification shall be met in continuous mass production. The
manufacturer shall make sample inspections and tests to ensure that the product represented by the test samples conforms to the
specified requirements. The manufacturer shall select and test a minimum of two bolts, threaded bars, threaded slotted bars, bearing
and header plates, frictional anchorage devices, expandable rock bolts, and washers from each discontinuous turn or each 24 h of
continuous production.
9.3 Improper machining or preparation of test specimens may give erroneous results. Improperly machinedprepared specimens
shall be discarded and other specimens substituted.
9.4 If any test specimen fails to meet the specification requirements because of failure of testing equipment or improper
specimen preparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken.
10. Test Methods
10.1 Test bars used for the manufacture of bolts and threaded and threaded slotted bars for yield point, tensile strength, and
elongation in accordance with the Determination of Tensile Properties Section of Test Methods and Definitions A370.
10.2 Tension test bolts and threaded bars in accordance with the Wedge Tension Testing of Full Size Product paragraph of Test
Methods F606F606/F606M for tensile strength. Obtain the yield point in the course of this test by the Drop of the Beam or Halt
of the Pointer Autographic Diagram Method or the 0.2 % Offset Method as described in the paragraphs on Tension Testing of
Machined Test Specimens of Test Methods F606F606/F606M.
10.2.1 If the length of the bolt or threaded bar exceeds the length that can be accommodated by the testing machine, then cut
the head with a portion of the body in the case of bolts, and the thread with a portion of the body, from the bolt or threaded bar
and test each separately.
10.2.1.1 Test the section containing the threads for yield point and breaking load by using the nut intended for use on the
threaded portion with a 10° wedge under the nut and by gripping the bolt body. Failure may not occur by stripping of threads.
10.2.1.2 Test the section containing the bolt head with a 10° wedge under the head and by gripping the body. For smooth bars,
it is permissible to increase the hole clearance in the wedge plate to two times the clearance specified in Test Methods
F606F606/F606M to accommodate collars or swell under the bolt head. For deformed bars, it is permissible to increase the hole
clearance of the wedge plate to four times the clearance specified in Test Methods F606F606/F606M.
10.2.1.3 Test bolts containing surface configurations by gripping a section of the surface configuration and the body of the bolt.
10.3 Threaded Slotted Bars:
10.3.1 Threaded slotted bars from which material has not been removed during the slotting operation (forged split-end bars)
need not be tested on the slotted end.
10.3.2 Test threaded slotted bars from which material has been removed when making the slot at the slotted ends. If the length
of the bar exceeds the length that can be accommodated by the testing machine, then the excess length may be cut off and
discarded.
10.3.2.1 Perform the test of the slotted end by first tack welding the two sides together at the extreme end of the bar. Grip both
ends of this test bar and contain at least 1 in. of slot in the tested portion between the grips.
10.3 Tests of Bearing and Header Plates:
10.3.1 Locate the bearing plate sample centrally on a steel test plate containing a hole 4 in. in diameter. The steel test plate shall
be the dimensions shown in Fig. 54. Exert a load on the bearing plate by either (1) assembling bolt, bolt or threaded rod and nut,
or fixture nut through the bearing plate, placing the plate assembly on the crosshead of a testing machine and machine, gripping
F432 − 19
FIG. 54 Bearing Plate Test Plate
the bolt, rod, bolt or fixturerod, and pulling down with the upper platen, or (2) pushing down with a punch having a diameter of
approximately 1.75 in. or equal to the fixture’s rock bolt’s loading surface outside diameter, whichever is greater, mounted
underneath the upper platen onto the plate assembly placed on the lower platen of the testing machine. If it is to be included in
the actual installation, include in the test assembly a hardened washer of the type defined in this specification. Apply an initial
preload of 6000 lbf and then place a measuring device accurate to 0.001 in. so as to be capable of measuring the axial movement
of the bolt head or ram. Set the measuring device to zero after application of the 6000-lbf preload. Increase the load to 15 000 lbf
and read the axial movement, defined as deflection, from the measuring device. The maximum permissible deflection between the
6000 and 15 000-lbf loads is 0.120 in. Continue the application of load until the grade rating of the plate is reached and again read
the axial movement from the measuring device. The maximum permissible deflection between 6000 lbf and the grade rating is
0.250 in.
10.3.2 Test large bearing plates (maximum dimension greater than 7 in. and header plates for span performance in accordance
with 10.4.2.110.3.2.1.
10.3.2.1 Locate the plate sample centrally on a steel test plate containing a clear span of 6 in. The steel test plate shall be the
dimensions shown in Fig. 65. Exert a load on the plate by either (1) assembling bolt, bolt or threaded rod and nut, or fixture nut
through the plate, placing the plate assembly on the crosshead of a testing machine and machine, gripping the bolt, rod, bolt or
fixturerod, and pulling down with the upper platen, or (2) pushing down with a punch having a diameter of approximately 1.75
in. or equal to the fixture’s rock bolt’s loading surface outside diameter, whichever is greater, mounted underneath the upper platen
of the testing machine. If it is to be included in the actual installation, include in the test assembly a hardened washer of the type
defined in this specification. Apply an initial preload of 1000 lbf and then place a measuring device accurate to 0.001 in. so as to
be capable of measuring the axial movement of the bolt head or ram. Set the measuring device to zero after application of the
1000-lbf preload. Increase the load to 5000 lbf and read the axial movement, defined as deflection, from the measuring device. The
maximum permissible deflection between the 1000 and 5000-lbf loads is 0.250 in.
The test described in 10.4.2.110.3.2.1 shall be performed to establish product performance whenever manufacturing process,
material, or product design changes occur. Bearing plates made from hot-rolled sheet materials cov
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