ASTM D1294-95a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard; the values in SI units are provided for information only. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.
Note 1--For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2--This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibiltiy of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 1294 – 95a
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber
Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity corresponding to
the breaking load.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Breaking tenacity is commonly ex-
ing force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and
pressed as grams-force per tex (gf/tex), grams-force per denier
tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage
(gf/den), millinewtons per tex mN/tex), or millinewtons per
length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is
denier (mN/den). Millinewtons are numerically equal to
included.
grams-force times 9.81.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.2 constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing
as standard; the values in SI units are provided for information
machine, n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the
only. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units,
pulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-
inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D-13
measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with in-
policy.
creasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.).
NOTE 1—For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber
3.1.3 constant-rate-of-loading (CRL) type tensile testing
bundles, refer to Test Methods D 1445 and D 2524.
machine, n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate of
NOTE 2—This test method can be used for other fibers that lend
increase of the force is uniform with time after the first3sand
themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density
the specimen is free to elongate, this elongation being depen-
must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not
necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating dent on the extension characteristics of the specimen at any
breaking tenacity.
applied force.
3.1.4 constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(CRT), n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the pulling
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
clamp moves at a uniform rate and the force is applied through
responsibiltiy of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the other clamp, which moves appreciably to actuate a force-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or extension
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
that is usually not constant and is dependent upon the extension
2. Referenced Documents
characteristics of the specimen.
3.1.5 gage length, n—in tensile testing, the length of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimen measured between the points of attachment to clamps
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
while under uniform tension.
tiles
3.1.6 recycled wool, n—as defined in the Wool Products
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Labeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber when
D 1445 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
wool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,
of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimate
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or
D 2524 Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers,
the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has been
Flat Bundle Method— ⁄8-in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length
spun, woven knitted or felted into a wool product which, after
D 2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
having been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,
3. Terminology
subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”
3.1.6.1 Discussion—In the amended Act of 1980, the term
3.1 Definitions:
“recycled wool” replaced the terms “reprocessed wool” and
“reused wool.”
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
3.1.7 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
specimen based on the linear density of the unstrained speci-
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originally
published as D 1294 – 53 T. Last previous edition D 1294 – 95.
men.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 1294
3.1.7.1 Discussion—In textiles, tenacity is considered a supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
property of fibers and yarns, and tensile strain is the comple- the known bias.
mentary property of fabrics. In direct yarn numbering systems, 5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship
tenacity is forced divided by linear density. In indirect yarn between fiber strength and product quality; results should be
numbering systems, tenacity is force times the reciprocal linear considered comparative rather than fundamental since the
density. strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of
3.1.8 tensile strength, n—the strength of a material under the individual fibers present due to slight differences in
tension as distinct from compression, torsion or shear. tensioning.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Technically, strength is a characteristic 5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of
that is expressed in terms of force. Historically, however, elongation measurements is limited and their determination is,
tensile strength has been commonly expressed in terms of force therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.
per unit base, for example, the cross-sectional area of the 5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed
unstrained material. Some common units are newtons per in this test method and those of Test Method D 2524 are in the
square metre (N/m ) and pounds-force per square inch (psi). gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test
3.1.9 wool, n—the fibrous covering of sheep, Ovis species. Method D 2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test
3.1.9.1 Discussion—For the purposes of this test method, Method D 1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Re-
the word wool is used in the generic sense, and includes both sults for breaking load determined by Test Method D 2524
wool as defined in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 as average 30 % higher than those obtained by Test Method
well as recycled wool as defined in the amended Act of 1980. D 1294.
3.1.10 wool, n—as defined in the Wool Products Labeling
6. Apparatus and Materials
Act of 1939, “the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, or
6.1 Comb, fine, sharp.
hair of the Angora goat or Cashmere goat (and may include the
6.2 Analytical Balance, with a sensitivity of 0.0001 g.
so called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca,
6.3 Tensile Testing Machine, a CRE or CRT Type about
llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any
50-lb (22-kg) capacity machine as prescribed in Specification
woven or felted wool product.”
D 76, capable of operating the moving clamp at a uniform
3.1.11 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
speed of 10.0 6 0.5 in./min (250 6 12 mm/min). If a CRL type
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
machine is used, it should be capable of operating at a rate of
loading of 1 kgf/s (10 N/s). In no case shall the working range
4. Summary of Test Method
be outside the limits recommended by the manufacturer.
4.1 The strength determination is based on the load required
to break a bundle of fibers which had been parallelized and
NOTE 3—There may be no overall correlation between the results
held under uniform tension with masking tape. A 1-in. (25.4- obtained with the CRE, CRT, or CRL type testing machines. Conse-
quently, these three machines cannot be used interchangeably.
mm) spacing between the tapes (and clamps at the zero setting)
makes possible the cutting and weighing of this amount of fiber
6.4 Metal Plates, 2 by 1-in. (50.8 by 25.4-mm) with one
for use in calculating the strength expressed as breaking
rubber-covered surface. The plates should be rigid, flat, and
tenacity in grams-force per tex or tensile strength in pounds-
approximately 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) thick with one rubber face
force per square inch.
approximately 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) thick (Note 4). Two plates are
required to prepare a bundle for testing.
5. Significance and Use
NOTE 4—These plates can be made by gluing rubber sheeting approxi-
5.1 Test Method D 1294 for the determination of tensile
mately 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) thick to the face of the plate.
strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial
6.5 Hand Vise, preferably of the spring-type.
shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians
6.6 Masking Tape, 2-in. (50-mm) wide, heavy.
may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative
tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
7. Sampling
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
7.1 Division into Lots—Treat a single shipment of a single
reported test results when using Test Method D 1294 for
fiber type as a lot.
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
7.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
an applicable material specification or other agreement be-
statisti
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