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ASTM D2257-98(2012)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles

Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between the laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
This test method is used for the determination of the amounts of naturally present oily or waxy impurities that have not been completely removed from textiles made from animal fibers, and for the determination of the amounts of oily or waxy finishing materials applied to raw materials or textiles during manufacture. See 3.1.1, extractable matter.  
The test method may be used as a step in the determination of the commercial weight of fiber, yarn, and textile shipments.
The International Wool Textile Organization specifies the use of a halogenated hydrocarbon, dichloromethane, also called methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) instead of the solvent specified in this test method (IWTO-10-62(E)).
Extractables by mass loss is frequently used for textiles which have a relatively large amount of extractable material to effect a significant mass change.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the extractable material on most fibers, yarns, and fabrics. Three options are included. Option 1 uses heat and Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Option 2 uses room temperature and extraction funnels. Option 3 uses either Option 1 or Option 2 extraction but provides for calculation of extractable matter from the loss in mass of the material due to the extraction rather than the extractable matter residue.
Note 1—Other standards for the determination of extractable matter in textiles made of specific fibers include: Specification , Specification , and Test Method D1574.  
1.1.1 The solvents for use in this method are any solvents that the party or parties concerned agreed on; such as, Halogenated Hydrocarbon (HH) chloroform, tetrachloroethane, alcohol.
1.1.2 This test method may not extract cross-linked finishes or resins which may be on the textile.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Sections 6 and 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2012
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.51 - Conditioning, Chemical and Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2257-98(2004) - Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1577-07(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1574-22 - Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM F3131-14(2023) - Standard Specification for Epoxy / Cotton Raw Materials for the Use in Bearing Cages
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7508/D7508M-20 - Standard Specification for Polyolefin Chopped Strands for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5446-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM E1549/E1549M-13(2022) - Standard Specification for ESD Controlled Garments Required in Cleanrooms and Controlled Environments for Spacecraft for Non-Hazardous and Hazardous Operations
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2494-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2646-18 - Standard Guide for Backing Fabric Characteristics of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7138-16 - Standard Test Method to Determine Melting Temperature of Synthetic Fibers
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012

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ASTM D2257-98(2012) - Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2257 − 98 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
1
Extractable Matter in Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope D541 Specification for Single Jute Yarn (Withdrawn 1996)
D681 Specification for Jute Rove and Plied Yarn for Elec-
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
3
trical and Packing Purposes (Withdrawn 2000)
extractable material on most fibers, yarns, and fabrics. Three
D1574 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and
options are included. Option 1 uses heat and Soxhlet extraction
Other Animal Fibers
apparatus. Option 2 uses room temperature and extraction
D1909 Standard Table of Commercial Moisture Regains for
funnels. Option 3 uses either Option 1 or Option 2 extraction
Textile Fibers
but provides for calculation of extractable matter from the loss
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
in mass of the material due to the extraction rather than the
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
extractable matter residue.
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
NOTE 1—Other standards for the determination of extractable matter in
D4920 Terminology Relating to Conditioning, Chemical,
textiles made of specific fibers include: Specification D541, Specification
and Thermal Properties
D681, and Test Method D1574.
2.2 Other Documents:
1.1.1 The solvents for use in this method are any solvents
IWTO 10-62(E) Method for Determination of the Dichlo-
that the party or parties concerned agreed on; such as,
4
romethane Soluble Matter in Combed Wool Sliver
Halogenated Hydrocarbon (HH) chloroform,
tetrachloroethane, alcohol.
3. Terminology
1.1.2 This test method may not extract cross-linked finishes
or resins which may be on the textile. 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 extractable matter, n—nonfibrous material in or on a
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
textile not including water, which is removable by a specified
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
solvent or solvents as directed in a specified procedure.
standard.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Nonfibrous material is usually oily,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
waxy, resinous, or polymeric in nature, but may also include
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
other material, such as protein, particularly if ethyl alcohol is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
used, or in, the extracting solvent.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 For definitions of other moisture terms related to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Sections
textiles, refer to Terminology D4920. For definitions of other
6 and 7.
textile terms used in this test method refer to Terminology
D123.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
4.1 The specimen is extracted either in Soxhlet apparatus
(Option 1), or extraction funnel (Option 2) first with an agreed
solvent (Note 2). The solvents are evaporated and the residues
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and the specimens are dried and weighed separately. The
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioning and,
amounts of extracted matter are reported as percentages of
Chemical and Thermal Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D2257 – 98(2004).
DOI: 10.1520/D2257-98R12.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from International Wool Secretariat, Carlton Gardens, London S.W.
the ASTM website. 1, England.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2257 − 98 (2012)
either the oven-dried mass or of the oven-dried mass plus 6.4.2 To collect solvent from extractions, for Option 2.
commercial moisture regain for the textile.
NOTE 2—If metal containers are used, check to ensure that the
extracatable matter does not react with the metal if the residue is to
...

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5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments, which influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine processing conditions.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
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5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
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1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
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1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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