ASTM D2494-13(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a referee method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn or manufactured staple fibers.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 Option I is in common use in other countries, particularly in Europe.4
5.3 Option II is used to calculate the commercial mass of as-produced manufactured filament yarns (except some producer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, and tows. This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber remaining after fiber lubricants and processing aids are removed.
5.4 Option III is used to calculate the commercial mass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When materials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the fiber lubricant or other removable processing aids.
5.5 Option IV is in common use with impregnated aramids.
5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or another method of testing gives the same results, or results that have a constant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, that method may be used for routine testing of known production but should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknown material. For the determ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the commercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).
Note 1: For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous materials, refer to Practice D2720.
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in acceptance testing rather than production control. manufactured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial “mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than each shipment to a customer.
1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one of three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried, unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a defined allowance in the calculations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization ...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2494 − 13 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured
Staple Fiber or Tow
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the com-
mercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple
2. Referenced Documents
fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber
2.1 ASTM Standards:
types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers
of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other
fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1). D1909 Standard Tables of Commercial Moisture Regains
and Commercial Allowances for Textile Fibers
NOTE 1—For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous
D2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
materials, refer to Practice D2720.
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in
D2720 Practice for Calculation of Commercial Weight and
acceptance testing rather than production control. manufac-
Yield of Scoured Wool, Top, and Noil for Various Com-
tured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial
mercial Compositions
“mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than each
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
shipment to a customer.
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
1.2 Commercialmasshasbeentraditionallybasedononeof
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried,
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commer-
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
cialmoistureregaininthecalculations;(2)dried,scouredyarn,
2.2 AATCC Standard:
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture
150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering
regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn, 3
of Woven Garments
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a defined allowance in the
calculations.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.1 commercial mass, n—billed mass (weight) as deter-
standard.
mined by a generally accepted method or as agreed upon
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
between the purchaser and the seller.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The basis for determining the commer-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- generally one of the following:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringby
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the commercial allowance.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally the ASTM website.
published as D2494 – 66 T. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2494 – 13. Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
DOI: 10.1520/D2494-13R20. P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2494 − 13 (2020)
(2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured series. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found and
material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringby corrected, or future test results for that material must be
definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
commercial moisture regain.
5.2 Option I is in common use in other countries, particu-
(3) CMRU Basis (commercial moisture regain with un- 4
larly in Europe.
scoured material)—the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or
5.3 Option II is used to calculate the commercial mass of
yarn plus the mass corresponding to its commercial moisture
as-produced manufactured filament yarns (except some
regain.
producer-texturedyarns),manufacturedstaplefibers,andtows.
(4) UN Basis (unadjusted net)—the mass of unscoured
This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber remaining
fiber or yarn with no adjustment for the amount of moisture or
after fiber lubricants and processing aids are removed.
finish, or both.
5.4 Option III is used to calculate the commercial mass of
3.1.2 commercial moisture regain, (CMR), n—a formally
spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When materials
adopted,arbitraryvalue,tobeusedwiththeoven-driedmassof
are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the fiber
textile fibers, when calculating the commercial mass of a
lubricant or other removable processing aids.
shipment or delivery.
5.5 Option IV is in common use with impregnated aramids.
3.2 For definitions of the textile terms shipment and tare
used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4849.
5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or another
method of testing gives the same results, or results that have a
3.3 For the terms laboratory sampling unit, moisture
constant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, that
content, and oven-dry, refer to Terminology D123.
method may be used for routine testing of known production
3.4 For other terms used in this test method, refer to
but should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknown
Terminology D123, D3888, Terminology D3990, and Termi-
material. For the determination of extractable matter, refer to
nology D4849.
Test Method D2257.
5.6.1 When the finish is not removable by a water scour, a
4. Summary of Test Method
solvent extraction may be substituted on agreement between
4.1 Representative specimens from a shipment are dried,
the purchaser and the supplier.
weighed,and,insomecases,scouredandweighedagain.From
5.7 Under certain circumstances, samples taken from yarns
the net mass of the shipment and the masses of the specimens
and manufactured staple fibers and tows can change moisture
before and after treatment, commercial mass of the shipment is
content rapidly. For this reason, very careful planning and
calculated using one of the following options:
handling of samples are required to prevent major biases in
4.1.1 Option I—CAS basis treatment consists of scouring
commercial mass results.
and drying. Commercial mass includes a correction for com-
mercial allowance.
6. Apparatus and Reagents
4.1.2 Option II—CMRSbasistreatmentconsistsofscouring
6.1 Washing Machine, automatic home-type, of the make
anddrying.Commercialmassexcludesscourablesbutincludes
and model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent
a correction for commercial moisture regain.
washing machine.
4.1.3 Option III—CMRU basis treatment consists of drying
6.2 Soft Water (10 ppm or less calcium carbonate hardness)
only. Commercial mass includes finishes and a correction for
for hot setting of washer controlled for 60 to 65°C.
commercial moisture regain.
4.1.4 Option IV—UN basis requires no samples and no
6.3 Bags, made from polyester yarn, of a stable
treatment. Commercial mass equals the net mass of the
construction, such as a leno weave, which have been previ-
shipment without adjustment for scourables or moisture.
ously scoured and which have a known oven-dry mass. Each
bag shall be large enough to permit the test specimen to be
5. Significance and Use
sufficiently porous to permit free access of the scouring
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a referee solution to the specimen. The bag should have an adequate
methodforacceptancetestingofcommercialshipmentsofyarn closure to prevent fiber loss.
or manufactured staple fibers. 3
6.4 Automatic Dryer, automatic home-type, of the make
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
and model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent,
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
(optional).
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
6.5 Drying Oven, ventilated and capable of controlling the
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
temperature in the range of 105 6 3°C. The oven shall be
assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-
parative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from
thesamelotofmaterialasthesamplesthatresultedindisparate
BISFA, Terminology of man-made fibres, 2009 edition.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal
is Mar Mac Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 278. McBee, SC 29101. If you are aware
numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-
of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.
tories involved should be compared using a statistical test for
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing technical committee, which you may attend.
D2494 − 13 (2020)
supplied with a current of air sufficient to change the air once from each lot sample unit for tare weighing. Sample the lot as
every 4 min. The specimens shall be protected from direct quickly as possible to reflect accurately the moisture level in
radiation of the heating units.Air supplied to the oven shall be the lot. Place samples in airtight containers for subsequent
at standard atmospheric conditions for testing textiles. The weighing.
oven may be provided with facilities for cutting off the air
7.3.1 Yarn—Take at least 20 unit packages from random
current and weighing the specimens without removing them
places within the different shipping units forming the lot
from the oven.
sample as directed in Practice D2258. Use a prearranged plan
for random sampling to save time in taking the packages from
6.6 Scale, with a capacity and sensitivity sufficient to weigh
the shipping units. Enclose each unit package in a separate
beams, bales, cases, or other shipping units within 0.1 % of
airtight container until the specimens are removed.
their gross mass and maintained according to National Institute
7.3.1.1 Sampling beams of yarn for verification of commer-
of Standards and Technology (NIST) criteria.
cial mass presents unique problems which are left to the
6.7 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.1 % of the mass of the
agreement of the purchaser and the supplier.
specimens being tested and maintained according to NIST
7.3.2 Staple, Sliver or Top, and Tow—Take laboratory
criteria. These requirements apply both to balances built into
samples from each laboratory sampling unit as directed in
ovens and to free-standing devices.
Practice D3333.
6.8 Weighing Cans,withtight-fittinglidsofsufficientsizeto
7.4 External Tare—Collect, without delay, all packaging
hold the bag and specimen (required only if weighings are
materials which were part of the lot sample and which were
made outside the oven).
associated with the shipping units. Supports for individual
6.9 Desiccator(s), of sufficient size to hold the weighing
packages will be dealt with in 7.6. Weigh the external tare
cans (required only if weighings are made outside the oven).
material for each lot sample unit to 0.1 % of its mass. (See
6.10 Desiccant, silica gel or equivalent, if desiccators are
Note 3).
used.
7.5 Specimens—Without delay, prepare specimens as di-
6.11 High Cloud Point Nonionic Detergent, as agreed upon
rected in 7.5.1 or 7.5.2. Save all yarn supports which were part
between the purchaser and the supplier.
of the laboratory sample.
7.5.1 Yarn—Take two 5-g bits of yarn from each of at least
7. Procedure
20 packages that form the laboratory sample. Immediately put
7.1 Shipment Mass—Weigh, intact, each shipping unit (bale
each bit into one of two airtight containers and close the
or case) in the shipment to the nearest 0.1 % of its mass.
container after obtaining each bit. (Each container will contain
bits from 20 packages.) With the exception of lots shipped on
NOTE 2—The gross mass and the tare mass should be obtained on
materials at equilibrium with the same ambient conditions, which are beams, take the yarn from random locations within the pack-
often not the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. Also, for this
ages.Preparerepresentativespecimenseachweighingapproxi-
procedure, the tare should be determined from actual weighings and not
mately 100 g. Do not wind or reel yarn being taken for
from values supplied by the supplier.
specimens. Keep the hands dry and handle the yarn (both
7.2 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the
packages and specimens) as little as possible. Select one of the
applicable material specifications, or as agreed upon between
specimens for testing; set the other aside for any confirmatory
thepurchaserandthesupplier,orintheirabsenceasdirectedin
tests which may be required.
Practice D2258 for yarn or Practice D3333 for staple fiber.
7.5.1.1 Preparation of specimens from beams is left to the
Treat sliver (or top) and tow as staple for lot sampling. The
agreement of the purchaser and the supplier.
same units selected for product samples will also be used for
7.5.2 Staple, Sliver, Top, Tow—Treat each of the laboratory
tare samples. The lot sample must be representative of the
...
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