ASTM D7348-08e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950°C. These test methods establish a procedure for determining LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750°C or 950°C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes and products.
If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion residues. . Direct determination of unburned (combustible) carbon can be carried out using Test Method D6316.
If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the concentrations of major and minor elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349, or the procedures for the 750°C LOI determination described in these test methods (Method A).
If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the concentrations of trace elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3683 and D6357.
Note 1—Combustion residues produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems can differ from the ash yield, as determined in Test Methods D3174 and D5142, because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of metal sulfides into metal oxides, metal sulfates and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Likewise, the “ash” obtained after ignit...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D7348 − 08
StandardTest Methods for
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Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
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´ NOTE—Eq 4 was editorially corrected in May 2011.
1. Scope D5142 Test Methods for ProximateAnalysis of theAnalysis
Sample of Coal and Coke by Instrumental Procedures
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass
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(Withdrawn 2010)
loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or
D6316 TestMethodforDeterminationofTotal,Combustible
oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss
and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and
can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth,
Coke
from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
standard.
Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D6357 TestMethodsforDeterminationofTraceElementsin
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utiliza-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Mass Spectrometry, and Graphite Furnace Atomic Ab
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
2. Referenced Documents
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
D3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coal
methods, refer to Terminology D121.
and Coke from Coal
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
4. Summary of Test Method
from As-Determined to Different Bases
4.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) is determined by measuring the
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
loss in mass of the test specimen when heated under controlled
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
conditions of temperature, time, atmosphere, specimen mass,
D3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke
and equipment specifications. The LOI can be determined by
Ash by Atomic Absorption
measuring the mass loss in a single procedure or in a two-step
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
procedure in which mass losses, equivalent to the moisture and
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
ash values of the test specimen, are determined.
5. Significance and Use
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ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD05onCoal
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.29 on Major
whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high
Elements in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal.
temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7348–07. DOI:
normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To
10.1520/D7348-08.
combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service as service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
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Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website.
www.astm.org.
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D7348 − 08
losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than In a typical analysis, the temperature is ramped from ambient
950°C. These test methods establish a procedure for determin- to a specific temperature and held at that temperature for a
ing LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750°C or prescribed length of time. In thermogravimetric analysis, the
950°C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by mass of a sample in a controlled atmosphere is recorded
industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes repeat
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