ASTM D7348-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950°C. These test methods establish a procedure for determining LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750°C or 950°C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes and products.
If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion residues. . Direct determination of unburned (combustible) carbon can be carried out using Test Method D 6316.
If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the concentrations of major and minor elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D 3682, D 4326, and D 6349, or the procedures for the 750°C LOI determination described in these test methods (Method A).
If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the concentrations of trace elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D 3683 and D 6357.
Note 1—Combustion residues produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems can differ from the ash yield, as determined in Test Methods D 3174 and D 5142, because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of metal sulfides into metal oxides, metal sulfates and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Likewise, the “ash” obtained aft...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7348 – 08
Standard Test Methods for
1
Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass
bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or
Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss
D6357 Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements
can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth,
in Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal
from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.
Utilization Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and Graphite Furnace Atomic
standard.
Ab
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
2. Referenced Documents methods, refer to Terminology D121.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
4.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) is determined by measuring the
D3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coal
loss in mass of the test specimen when heated under controlled
and Coke from Coal
conditions of temperature, time, atmosphere, specimen mass,
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
and equipment specifications. The LOI can be determined by
from As-Determined to Different Bases
measuring the mass loss in a single procedure or in a two-step
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
procedure in which mass losses, equivalent to the moisture and
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
ash values of the test specimen, are determined.
D3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke
Ash by Atomic Absorption
5. Significance and Use
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high
D5142 TestMethodsforProximateAnalysisoftheAnalysis
temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI
Sample of Coal and Coke by Instrumental Procedures
normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To
D6316 Test Method for Determination of Total, Combus-
combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass
tible and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal
losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than
and Coke
950°C. These test methods establish a procedure for determin-
ing LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750°C or
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD05onCoal
950°C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.29 on Major
industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes
Elements in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal.
and products.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7348–07. DOI: 5.2 If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the
10.1520/D7348-08.
combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not
contactASTM Customer Service as service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D7348 – 08
be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion recommended but higher flow rates, that is, two volume
3
residues. . Direct determination
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7348–07 Designation: D 7348 – 08
Standard Test Methods for
1
Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverthedeterminationofthemasslossfromsolidcombustionresiduesuponheatinginanairoroxygen
atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the
decomposition or combustion of the residue.
1.2The values given in SI units are to be considered as the standard.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
D 3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
D 3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined to Different Bases
D 3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
D 3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke Ash by Atomic Absorption
D 4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
D 5142 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke by Instrumental Procedures
D 6316 Test Method for Determination of Total, Combustible and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and Coke
D 6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of
Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry
D 6357Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization
Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,
and Graphite FurnaceAtomicAb Test Methods for Determination ofTrace Elements in Coal, Coke, & Combustion Residues
from Coal Utilization Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass, &
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D 121.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) is determined by measuring the loss in mass of the test specimen when heated under controlled
conditions of temperature, time, atmosphere, specimen mass, and equipment specifications. The LOI can be determined by
measuring the mass loss in a single procedure or in a two-step procedure in which mass losses, equivalent to the moisture and ash
values of the test specimen, are determined.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.29 on Major Elements
in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal.
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 7348–07.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceasservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7348–08
temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950°C. To
combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950°C.
The
...
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