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ASTM C1044-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode

Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a procedure for operating the apparatus so that the heat flow, Q′, through the meter section of the auxiliary insulation is small; determining Q′; and, calculating the heat flow, Q, through the meter section of the specimen.
This practice requires that the apparatus have independent temperature controls in order to operate the cold plate and auxiliary cold plate at different temperatures. In the single-sides mode, the apparatus is operated with the temperature of the auxiliary cold plate maintained, as close as possible, to the temperature of the side of the hot plate adjacent to the auxiliary insulation.
Note 4—Ideally, if the temperature difference across the auxiliary insulation is zero and there are no edge heat losses or gains, all of the power input to the meter plate will flow through the specimen. In practice, a small correction is made for heat flow, Q′, through the auxiliary insulation.
The thermal conductance, C′, of the auxiliary insulation must be determined from one or more separate tests using either Test Method C 177, C 1114, or as indicated in 5.4. The values of C′ should be checked periodically, particularly if during regular testing it is not possible to keep the temperature drop across the auxiliary insulation less than 1 % of the temperature drop across the test specimen.
This practice can be used when it is desirable to determine the thermal properties of a single specimen. For example, the thermal properties of a single specimen are used to calibrate a heat-flow-meter apparatus for Test Method C 518. In other cases, there may be only one specimen available.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the steady-state heat flow through the meter section of a specimen when a guarded-hot-plate apparatus or thin-heater apparatus is used in the single-sided mode of operation.
1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use in conjunction with either Test Method C 177 or C 1114 for testing a single specimen. This practice is limited to only the single-sided mode of operation, and, in all other particulars, the requirements of either Test Method C 177 or C 1114 apply.Note 1 - Test Methods C 177 and C 1114 describe the use of the guarded-hot-plate and thin-heater apparatus, respectively, for determining steady-state heat flux and thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, these methods cover both the double- and single-sided mode of operation, and at present, do not distinguish between the accuracies for the two modes of operation. When appropriate, thermal transmission properties shall be calculated in accordance with Practice C 1045.
1.3 This practice requires that the cold plates of the apparatus have independent temperature controls. For the single-sided mode of operation, a (single) specimen is placed between the hot plate and the cold plate. Auxiliary thermal insulation, if needed, is placed between the hot plate and the auxiliary cold plate. The auxiliary cold plate and the hot plate are maintained at essentially the same temperature. Ideally, the heat flow from the meter plate is assumed to flow only through the specimen, so that the thermal transmission properties correspond only to the specimen.Note 2 - The double-sided mode of operation requires similar specimens placed on either side of the hot plate. The cold plates that contact the outer surfaces of these specimens are maintained at essentially the same temperature. The electric power supplied to the meter plate is assumed to result in equal heat flow through the meter section of each specimen, so that the thermal transmission properties correspond to an average for the two specimens.
1.4 This practice does not preclude the use of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus in which the auxiliary cold plate may be either larger or smaller in lateral dimensions than either the test specimen or the cold plate.Note 3 - Most guarded-hot-plate apparat...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2007
ICS
17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.30 - Thermal Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1044-98(2003) - Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Replaced By
ASTM C1044-12 - Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
Effective Date
01-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM C177-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1470-20 - Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1114-06(2019) - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1558-19 - Standard Guide for Development of Standard Data Records for Computerization of Thermal Transmission Test Data for Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1043-19 - Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1130-21 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1045-19 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007

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ASTM C1044-07 - Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided ModeASTM C1044-07 - Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
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ASTM C1044-07 - Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1044 – 07
Standard Practice for
Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater
1
Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 This practice does not preclude the use of a guarded-
hot-plate apparatus in which the auxiliary cold plate may be
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the steady-
eitherlargerorsmallerinlateraldimensionsthaneitherthetest
state heat flow through the meter section of a specimen when
specimen or the cold plate.
a guarded-hot-plate apparatus or thin-heater apparatus is used
in the single-sided mode of operation.
NOTE 3—Most guarded-hot-plate apparatus are designed for the
2
1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use
double-sided mode of operation (1). Consequently, the cold plate and the
auxiliary cold plate are the same size and the specimen and the auxiliary
in conjunction with either Test Method C177 or C1114 for
insulation will have the same lateral dimensions, although the thickness
testing a single specimen. This practice is limited to only the
may be different. Some guarded-hot-plate apparatus, however, are de-
single-sidedmodeofoperation,and,inallotherparticulars,the
signed specifically for testing only a single specimen that may be either
requirements of either Test Method C177 or C1114 apply.
larger or smaller in lateral dimensions than that auxiliary insulation or the
auxiliary cold plate.
NOTE 1—Test Methods C177 and C1114 describe the use of the
guarded-hot-plate and thin-heater apparatus, respectively, for determining
1.5 This practice can be used for both low- and high-
steady-state heat flux and thermal transmission properties of flat-slab
temperature conditions.
specimens. In principle, these methods cover both the double- and
1.6 This practice shall not be used when operating an
single-sided mode of operation, and at present, do not distinguish between
apparatus in a double-sided mode of operation with a known
the accuracies for the two modes of operation. When appropriate, thermal
and unknown specimen, that is, with the two cold plates at
transmission properties shall be calculated in accordance with Practice
C1045. similar temperatures so that the temperature differences across
the known and unknown specimens are similar.
1.3 This practice requires that the cold plates of the appa-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ratus have independent temperature controls. For the single-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sidedmodeofoperation,a(single)specimenisplacedbetween
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the hot plate and the cold plate.Auxiliary thermal insulation, if
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
needed, is placed between the hot plate and the auxiliary cold
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
plate. The auxiliary cold plate and the hot plate are maintained
at essentially the same temperature. Ideally, the heat flow from
2. Referenced Documents
the meter plate is assumed to flow only through the specimen,
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
so that the thermal transmission properties correspond only to
3
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
the specimen.
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
NOTE 2—The double-sided mode of operation requires similar speci-
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
mensplacedoneithersideofthehotplate.Thecoldplatesthatcontactthe
3
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
outer surfaces of these specimens are maintained at essentially the same
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
temperature. The electric power supplied to the meter plate is assumed to
3
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
result in equal heat flow through the meter section of each specimen, so
C1045 PracticeforCalculatingThermalTransmissionProp-
that the thermal transmission properties correspond to an average for the
3
two specimens.
erties Under Steady-State Conditions
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal this standard.
3
Measurement. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ap
...

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4.1 This practice provides a procedure for operating the apparatus so that the heat flow, Q′, through the meter section of the auxiliary insulation is small; determining Q′; and, calculating the heat flow, Q, through the meter section of the specimen.  
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1.1 This practice provides the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from data generated by steady state, one dimensional test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114 and C1363 and Practices C1043 and C1044 by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.  
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Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Factors that may influence the thermal-transmission properties of a specimen of material are described in Practice C1045 and the Precision and Bias section of Test Method C177.  
5.2 Because of the required test conditions prescribed by this test method, it shall be recognized that the thermal properties obtained will not necessarily apply without modification to all conditions of service. As an example, this test method normally provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain moisture, although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables such as mean temperature and temperature difference.  
5.3 When a new or modified design of apparatus is evolved, tests shall be made on at least two sets of differing material of known long-term thermal stability. Tests shall be made for each material at a minimum of two different mean temperatures within the operating range of each. Any differences in results should be carefully studied to determine the cause and then be removed by appropriate action. Only after a successful verification study on materials having known thermal properties traceable to a recognized national standards laboratory shall test results obtained with this apparatus be considered to conform with this test method. Periodic checks of apparatus performance are recommended.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the steady-state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of thermal insulation using a thin heater of uniform power density having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral thermal conductance can reduce unwanted lateral heat flow and avoid the need for active-edge guarding.  
1.2 This primary test method of thermal-transmission measurement describes a principle, rather than a particular apparatus. The principle involves determination of the thermal flux across a specimen of known thickness and the temperatures of the hot and cold faces of the specimen.  
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1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in 1.4.1.  
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Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the design of a guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources and provides guidance in determining the mean temperature of the meter plate. It provides information and calculation procedures for: (1) control of edge heat loss or gain (Annex A1); (2) location and installation of line-heat sources (Annex A2); (3) design of the gap between the meter and guard plates (Appendix X1); and (4) location of heater leads for the meter plate (Appendix X2).  
4.2 A circular guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources is amenable to mathematical analysis so that the mean surface temperature is calculated from the measured power input and the measured temperature(s) at one or more known locations. Further, a circular plate geometry simplifies the mathematical analysis of errors resulting from heat gains or losses at the edges of the specimens (see Refs (10, 11)).  
4.3 The line-heat source(s) is (are) placed in the meter plate at a prescribed radius such that the temperature at the outer edge of the meter plate is equal to the mean surface temperature over the meter area. Thus, the determination of the mean temperature of the meter plate is accomplished with a small number of temperature sensors placed near the gap.  
4.4 A guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources will have a radial temperature variation, with the maximum temperature differences being quite small compared to the average temperature drop across the specimens. Provided guarding is adequate, only the mean surface temperature of the meter plate enters into calculations of thermal transmission properties.  
4.5 Care shall be taken to design a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate so that the electric-current leads to each heater either do not significantly alter the temperature distributions in the meter and guard plates or else affect these temperature distributions in a known way so that appropriate corrections are applied.  
4.6 The use of one or a few ...
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1.1 This practice covers the design of a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate for use in accordance with Test Method C177.  
Note 1: Test Method C177 describes the guarded-hot-plate apparatus and the application of such equipment for determining thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, the test method includes apparatus designed with guarded hot plates having either distributed- or line-heat sources.  
1.2 The guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources is a design in which the meter and guard plates are circular plates having a relatively small number of heaters, each embedded along a circular path at a fixed radius. In operation, the heat from each line-heat source flows radially into the plate and is transmitted axially through the test specimens.  
1.3 The meter and guard plates are fabricated from a continuous piece of thermally conductive material. The plates are made sufficiently thick that, for typical specimen thermal conductances, the radial and axial temperature variations in the guarded hot plate are quite small. By proper location of the line-heat source(s), the temperature at the edge of the meter plate is made equal to the mean temperature of the meter plate, thus facilitating temperature measurements and thermal guarding.  
1.4 The line-heat-source guarded hot plate has been used successfully over a mean temperature range from − 10 to + 65°C, with circular metal plates and a single line-heat source in the meter plate. The chronological development of the design of circular line-heat-source guarded hot plates is given in Refs (1-9).2
Note 2: Detailed drawings and descriptions for the construction of two line-heat-source guarded-hot-plate apparatuses are available in the adjunct.3  
1.5 This practice does not preclude (1) lower or higher temperatures; (2) plate geometries other than circular; (3) line-heat-source geometries other than circular; (4) the use of...

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ASTM
ASTM C177-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness.  
5.2 Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies.  
5.3 Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is due to the fact heat transmission through a specimen occurs by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection). It is possible that any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen will require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat. In some cases it is possible that hours or even days will be required to achieve the thermal steady-state. No guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured. It is possible that moisture content within the material will cause transient behavior. It is also possible that and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition will permanently alter the specimen.  
5.4 Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus it is possible that there will be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range,...
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1.1 This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.  
1.2 The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.  
1.3 This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).2  
1.4 This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.  
1.5 The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.  
1.6 Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).  
1.7 This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of sp...

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ASTM
ASTM E473-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology

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1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and rheology. This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.  
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoanalytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. This terminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or thermalmagnetometry.  
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2070-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 These test methods are useful for research and development, quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and specification acceptance purposes.  
6.2 The determination of the order of a chemical reaction or transformation at specific temperatures or time conditions is beyond the scope of these test methods.  
6.3 The activation energy results obtained by these test methods may be compared with those obtained from Test Method E698 for nth order and accelerating reactions. Activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order results by these test methods may be compared to those for Test Method E2041 for nth order reactions.
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1.1 Test Methods A, B, and C determine kinetic parameters for activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from a series of isothermal experiments over a small (≈10 K) temperature range. Test Method A is applicable to low nth order reactions. Test Methods B and C are applicable to accelerating reactions such as thermoset curing or pyrotechnic reactions and crystallization transformations in the temperature range from 300 K to 900 K (nominally 30 °C to 630 °C). These test methods are applicable only to these types of exothermic reactions when the thermal curves do not exhibit shoulders, double peaks, discontinuities or shifts in baseline.  
1.2 Test Methods D and E also determines the activation energy of a set of time-to-event and isothermal temperature data generated by this or other procedures  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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