ASTM E155-00
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/4 in. (6.35 mm) and 3/4 in. (19.1 mm).
1.2 This document may be used where no other applicable document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1--Vol. I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an 8 1/2 by 11-in. (216 by 279-mm) cardboard frame and each plate illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximately a 2 by 2-in. (51 by 51-mm) area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 101/2 by 111/2-in. (267 by 292-mm) ring binder.
Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an 8 1/2 by 11-in. (216 by 279-mm) cardboard frame and illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).
Note 2--Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. (25 mm) in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E 505.
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Designation:E155–00
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
These Reference Radiographs have been developed in cooperation with the Quality Control Committee and Aerospace Research and
Testing Committee of the Aerospace Industries Association.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic
Testing
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and
E 505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
degreesofdiscontinuitiesthatmaybefoundinaluminum-alloy
and Magnesium Die Casting
and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in
1 3 E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
thicknesses of ⁄4 in. (6.35 mm) and ⁄4 in. (19.1 mm).
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
1.2 This document may be used where no other applicable
Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and
document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has
Magnesium Castings:
been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been
Volume I, Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
Volume II, Magnesium Castings
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this standard
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
may be found in Terminology E 1316.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 The terms relating to discontinuities used in these
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reference radiographs are described based upon radiographic
NOTE 1—Vol I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates
appearance.
covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates cover-
3.2.2 foreign materials—appear as isolated, irregular, or
ing discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an
elongated variations of film density, not corresponding to
8 ⁄2 by 11-in. (216 by 279-mm) cardboard frame and each plate illustrates
variationsinthicknessofmaterial,nortocavities.Theymaybe
eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximatelya2by 2-in.
1 1
due to the presence of sand, slag, oxide or dross, or metal of
(51by51-mm)area.Thecardboardframesarecontainedina10 ⁄2by11 ⁄2
-in. (267 by 292-mm) ring binder.
different density.
Vol. II:The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering
3.2.3 gas holes—appear as round or elongated, smooth-
discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an
edged dark spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distrib-
8 ⁄2 by 11-in. (216 by 279-mm) cardboard frame and illustrates eight
uted throughout the casting.
grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete
3.2.4 gas porosity—represented by round or elongated dark
discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).
spots corresponding to minute voids usually distributed
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne-
sium die castings up to 1 in. (25 mm) in thickness are contained in through the entire casting.
Reference Radiographs E 505.
3.2.5 microshrinkage (feathery type)—microshrinkage hav-
ing an elongated appearance resembling feather-like streaks.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.6 microshrinkage (sponge type)—microshrinkage hav-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing a spongelike appearance, and more massive and equiaxed
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
than the feathery type.
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Discontinued; see 1999 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Replaced
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs. by Guide E 94.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published February 2001. Originally Available from ASTM Headquarters.
e2 5
published as E 155 – 60 T. Last previous edition E 155 – 95 . Order RRE015501.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Order RRE015502.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E155–00
Castings,” by B. Lagowski, published in the Journal of Testing and
3.2.7 reacted sand inclusions—appear on radiograph as
Evaluation, Vol 2, No. 4, July 1974.
“spotty segregation,” that is, sharply defined round light areas,
about 1 mm in diameter, and often with the rim lighter than the
3.2.9 shrinkage cavity—appears as a dendritic, filamentary,
center. They are entrapped sand particles that underwent
or jagged darkened area.
reaction with molten magnesium alloys containing zirconium
3.2.10 shrinkage porosity or sponge (nonferrous alloys)—a
(Note 3).
localized lacy or honeycombed darkened area.
3.2.8 segregations—appear as variations in film density
which can be explained by segregation of elements of atomic
4. Significance and Use
numbers different from that of the matrix.
4.1 These radiographs are intended for reference only but
3.2.8.1 gravity segregation—appears white on radiograph
are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be
and may range from a mottling-type effect through white-
developed for particular requirements, can be specified in
diffused spots blending with the matrix, to a cloud-like
terms of these radiographs. The illustrations are radiographs of
appearance in more severe cases. They are agglomerations of
castings that were produced under conditions designed to
particles precipitated at temperatures above liquidus (Note 3).
develop the discontinuities. The radiographs of the ⁄4 -in.
3.2.8.2 eutectic segregation—type of segregation is gener-
(6.35-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness
allyrepresentedwhenadefectordiscontinuitydevelopsduring
range up to and including ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm). The radiographs of
solidification and is fed with a near eutectic residual liquid rich
the ⁄4 -in. (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the
with alloying elements that have a high X-ray attenuation. One
thickness range of over ⁄2 in. to and including 2 in. (51 mm).
exception to this enrichment as illustrated in Reference Radio-
The grouping and system of designations are based on consid-
graphs E 155 is flow line (or eutectic depletion), where there is
erations of the best practical means of making these reference
a local impoverishment of the alloying elements that have a
radiographs of the greatest possible value.
high X-ray attenuation (Note 3).
4.2 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to
(1) eutectic segregation—microshrinkage type—typeofseg-
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
regation develops when a microshrinkage develops during
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-
solidification, and is fed with residual liquid rich in dense
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-
alloying elements such as thorium. The area will show light on
graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image
a radiograph (Note 3).
quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-
(2) eutectic segregation—pipe-shrink type—type of segre-
odically examined for signs of wear and tear, including
gation develops during solidification when a pipe shrink forms
scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-
and is immediately filled with eutectic liquid rich in high X-ray
graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which
attenuation alloying elements. The area shows light on a
could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs
radiograph as a feathery or dendritic feature (Note 3).
should be replace
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