ASTM C16-03(2012)e2

Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2012
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.01 - Strength

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C16-03(2012)e1 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Replaced By: ASTM C16-03(2018) - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2018
• Referred By: ASTM C27-98(2022) - Standard Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Brick
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C467-14(2023) - Standard Classification of Mullite Refractories
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C865-22 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´2
Designation: C16 − 03 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Footnotes 3 and 4 were updated editorially in December 2017.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis- 3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed
tance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-
subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature service potential of the material. By definition,
temperature for a specified time. refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature;
and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
this test method.The test method is normally run at sufficiently
and are not considered standard.
high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Since the test provides easily measurable changes in
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
method has been long used to determine refractory quality.The
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
test method has often been used in the establishment of written
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
specifications between producers and consumers.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
are provided to protect the specimens.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4. Apparatus
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
by Casting
a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By 4
1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
Comparison Techniques
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
Direct-LoadTypeFurnace(OilorGasFired,orElectrically
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
install and adjust baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 on Strength.
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally
the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C16 – 03 (2008). DOI:
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
10.1520/C0016-03R12E02.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
temperatures.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. Digital blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2
ADJC0016-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 1969; digitized in 2017. are available from ASTM International. Request Adjunct No. ADJC0016-E-PDF.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´2
C16 − 03 (2012)
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those
5,6,7
calibrated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, specified for the thermocouples.
each encased in a protection tube with the junction not more
5. Test Specimen
than 1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each
5,6,7
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9
specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form
1 1
by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger
eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face
refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane
surfaces.
Test Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
5.2 Ifnecessary,theendsofthespecimenshallbegroundso
The National Institutes of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.
will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-
couples.
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four
All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical
observations being made on each dimension (length, width,
Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,
1969, pp. 35–44. and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.
´2
C16 − 03 (2012)
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.
FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace
support or if the load is applied eccentrically.
(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the
cross section calculated.
7. Procedure
6. Setting the Test Specimen
7.1 Loading—Calculate the gross load to be applied
throughout the test from the average cross section of the
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in
original specimen as determined in 5.3.Apply a load of 25 psi
the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
(172 kPa), before heating is started. When testing specimens
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and
that are likely to fail by shear, make provision so that the
Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory
loading mechanism cannot drop more than ⁄2 in. (13 mm)
material,neutraltothespecimen,havingaminimumexpansion
when failure occurs.
or contraction (Note 1). There shall be place
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2 ´2
Designation: C16 − 03 (Reapproved 2012) C16 − 03 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Footnote 3 was Footnotes 3 and 4 were updated editorially in NovemberDecember 2017.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to
a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or Electrically Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature
service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to
withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated
when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow
some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample
dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally,
shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and
the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of
written specifications between producers and consumers.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are
provided to protect the specimens.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 on Strength.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C16 – 03 (2008). DOI:
10.1520/C0016-03R12E01.10.1520/C0016-03R12E02.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJC0016-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 1969; digitized in 2017.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´2
C16 − 03 (2012)
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig. 1
or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the temperature is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during the
holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above 2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to install and adjust
baffles within the furnace. A minimum of two burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following the low-temperature
portion of the schedule (particularly for silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to supply heat for low
temperatures and another for the higher temperatures.
5,6,7
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with calibrated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each encased in
a protection tube with the junction not more than 1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each specimen or with a
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
Blueprints Digital blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.Adjunct No.
ADJC0016-E-PDF.
Test Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermocouples.
´2
C16 − 03 (2012)
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.
FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace
5,6,7
calibrated pyrometer. A recording form of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrometer is used, observations
shall be made by sighting on the face of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those specified for the thermocouples.
5. Test Specimen
1 1
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9 by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane surfaces.
5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen shall be ground so that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four observations being made on each dimension (length, width, and
thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in. (0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the cross section
calculated.
6. Setting the Test Specimen
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory material,
neutral to the specimen, having a minimum expansion or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the specimen and
the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome ore, that has been ground
to pass a No. 20 (850-μm) ASTM sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the top of the test specimen a block
of similar highly refractory material should be placed, extending through the furnace top to receive the load.
NOTE 1—Recommended designs for the furnace and l
...