ASTM D1666-87(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood and wood-base materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different species with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials.
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements may be anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D1666– 87(Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Methods for
Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1666; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
One of the significant characteristics of wood is the facility with which it can be machined and
fabricated. Different species, however, vary greatly in their behavior under cutting tools, so that some
systematic method is needed for determining their suitability for uses where the character of the
machined surface is of prime importance. Such uses include cabinetwork, millwork, and other
products where favorable machining properties are essential to good finish. For such products as
common boards, on the other hand, good machining properties are secondary, although still an asset.
The machining test procedures presented in these test methods cover such common operations as
planing, shaping, turning, boring, mortising, and sanding. They are the result of many years of
extensive research and development and include practical methods for qualitatively evaluating and
interpreting the results. Because of their satisfactory use with a wide range of materials, it is believed
that the methods are equally applicable to species, hardwoods and softwoods, and to wood-base
materials, such as plywood, particleboard, and hardboard.
1. Scope 1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of
progressive developments in the evaluation of machining
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, shap-
properties, further improvements may be anticipated. For
ing, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are
example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface
common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of
is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or
wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two
physicaltechniquesbecomeavailablethatwillaffordimproved
general classes of materials:
precision of evaluation, they should be employed.
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials.
as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the
may be approximate.
variables that affect the results of this operation are explored
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
different woods are treated alike.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the
machining properties of a given wood. Quality of finished
2. Definitions and Descriptions of Terms
surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machin-
2.1 A number of special terms relating to wood and to
ing properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power
machiningareusedindescribingtheproceduresforthevarious
consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are
machining studies. Definitions and descriptions of a number of
beyond the scope of these test methods.
the important terms used are presented in Appendix X1.
3. Significance and Use
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental
3.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working
Test Methods and Properties.
qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally
different wood and wood-base materials under a variety of
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D1666 – 87 (1999).
DOI: 10.1520/D1666-87R04. machine operations such as are encountered in commercial
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1666– 87 (2004)
manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis kinds of wood, the density, and the amount and kind of binder
for comparing the behavior of different species with respect to should be known and made part of the record. Particleboard
woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their and hardboard shall be typical of the product under consider-
potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are ation as they are manufactured and marketed. For the planing
of prime importance. and sanding tests, the particleboard and hardboard samples
should be procured in the unsurfaced condition, whenever
4. Apparatus
possible, so that these evaluations may be made on the same
part of the material that will be removed from the board in the
4.1 Machines—To yield data that can be duplicated for
normal use conditions where planing and sanding are done.
comparative purposes, all machines used in these tests shall be
6.4 Testsamplesoflumbershallbesoselectedastoexclude
modern commercial size machines of good make, in good
thesmallamountateachextremethatisnotfairlytypicalofthe
mechanical condition, and operated by fully qualified persons.
species under consideration in number of rings per inch
Numerous machines meet these requirements, and no attempt
(average ring width per millimetre).
is made to do more than describe the preferred type of machine
for each test in very general terms (Note 1). Complete
NOTE 4—Number of rings per inch is determined by visual count along
information on the machine used, the cutting tool, and the
a line perpendicular to the growth rings. Different samples of a given
operating conditions of each test shall be made part of the species often differ widely in this respect, and often the samples at both
extremes are not typical in their properties.
record.
NOTE 1—Where machines with all of these qualifications are not
7. Dimensions and Weight of Samples
available, machines that are inferior in some respects have limited uses,
7.1 Lumber samples shall be dried to a uniform moisture
such as for comparing the machining properties of species for local use
content of 6 % before testing, or to such other moisture content
under local conditions.
as may be specified.
4.2 Sharpness of Knives and Cutters—Carbide-tipped
7.2 Samples must be large enough to yield the minimum
knives and cutters shall be the preferred type because of the
acceptable size (0.75 by 5 in. by 4 ft) (19 by 127 mm 3 1.2 m)
much longer sharpness life of that material. High-speed steel
when at the prescribed moisture content and surfaced smoothly
shall be second choice and carbon steel third. The cutting tool
on two sides.Where it is desired to make more planer cuts than
material used shall be made part of the record. Every precau-
are specified, lumber thicker than 1 in. (25 mm) may be used.
tion shall be taken to keep the sharpness uniformly good in all
7.3 Lumber test samples shall be so selected as to exclude
tests by resharpening when necessary.
the small amount at each extreme of weight that is not typical
NOTE 2—Apracticalmeasureofthedeteriorationofamachinedlumber
of the species under consideration.
surface because of dulling of the cutting tool can be had by the use of two
NOTE 5—Different samples of a species sometimes vary in density by
check samples. They should come from the same board of some species
as much as a 2-to-1 ratio. The properties exhibited by samples at either
that machines exceptionally well, such as mahogany. Both should be
extreme of density are not typical of the species as a whole.
machined with a freshly sharpened cutting tool at the outset. One will be
retained in that condition as a control, and the other, at intervals of1hor
7.4 Particleboard and hardboard test material shall be typi-
so as experience dictates, shall be machined with the regular test
cal in dimensions and weight of the products under consider-
specimens and compared with the control. When the machined surface
ation as they are manufactured and marketed.
deteriorates perceptibly, as indicated by this comparison, the cutting tool
should be resharpened.
8. Sampling
Similarly with particle board or hardboard, some well-known product
8.1 Atotal of 50 test samples of lumber is required for each
that has good machining properties may be used as a control material for
comparison. species tested (Note 6). Except in the few species where the
making of some quartered lumber is standard practice, the
5. Shipment and Protection of Samples
samples shall be commercial flat grain. The test material shall
5.1 All test material shall be properly protected in shipment
be selected by one fully qualified to identify the species, to
to ensure its delivery in satisfactory condition for the required
judge if it is fairly representative of the product being shipped,
tests. On receipt, the material shall be carefully protected to
and if it meets the specifications. If only exploratory tests are
prevent deterioration pending the preparation for the tests.
to be made, a smaller number of samples may be selected.
NOTE 6—It is desirable that the samples represent numerous different
6. General Requirements of Samples
trees and logs. The material for tests should preferably be obtained in log
6.1 The tests shall be made on seasoned material.
form and then sawn to the desired size. When this is not possible, it will
6.2 Lumber shall be clear (Note 3), sound, well- be necessary to select random samples from a lumber pile.
manufactured,andaccuratelyidentifiedastospecies.Itmaybe
8.2 Foreachtypeofparticleboardtested,fivesamples(Note
either rough or dressed.
7) shall be selected, one from each of five different sheets. The
size of these samples (Fig. 1) shall be 2 by 4 ft (610 by 1220
NOTE 3—Clear means free from all defects, including knots, stain,
incipientdecay,surfacechecks,endsplits,compressionwood,andtension mm), and the thickness in different products shall be as
wood.
manufactured (Note 8).
6.3 Particleboard and hardboard samples may be typical
NOTE 7—Particleboard and hardboard of any one process and mill are
commercial products or samples of new boards under devel-
much more uniform in their properties than different boards of a given
opment as the occasion requires. In either case, the kind or species. For this reason, five samples selected as described in 8.2 are
D1666– 87 (2004)
NOTE 9—Conditioning chambers are usually necessary for obtaining
constant EMC conditions. The local drying practice may be followed,
keeping in mind that the data will apply only to these specific conditions.
In any event, the material should be conditioned to a uniform moisture
content, and the actual moisture content determined and recorded.
9.1.4 Joint one edge and one side of the boards flat and
plane the other side to provide a final board thickness of 0.75
in. (19 mm).
9.1.5 Saw the boards into the specified smaller sizes for the
different tests as shown in Fig. 1. Each of the test specimens
shall bear the same number as the board from which it was cut;
take care to place the number where it will not be lost in the
machining process.
NOTE 10—The specimen for shaping, boring, and mortising (Fig. 1)
must be accurately cut to size to ensure proper fit in the test jig. The
turningspecimensalsomustbeaccuratesincetheyhavetofitspeciallathe
centers. The size of the planing specimen is less critical and, if necessary,
it may be 1 in. (25 mm) or so short of the specified 3 ft (910 mm) without
serious objection.
10. Preparation of Specimens from Particleboard and
Hardboard
10.1 Each different test has its own procedure as described
in Sections 18-23. The following steps in preparing the test
specimens apply to all tests with particleboard and hardboard:
10.1.1 Mark each 2 by 4-ft (610 by 1210-mm) board to
identify the source and the individual sample.
10.1.2 Condition the boards to the standard 6 % EMC (see
9.1.3) or to such other moisture condition as may be specified.
10.1.3 Saw each of the original particleboard, and hard-
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
boardsamplesintosmallersizesforthedifferenttestsasshown
in. ⁄2 3 4 5 12 36 48
in Fig. 2.
cm 1.3 7.6 10.2 12.7 30.5 91 122
10.1.4 Each of the test specimens shall bear the same
FIG. 1 Diagram for Sawing Lumber Samples into Smaller
number as the board from which it was cut.
Samples for Individual Tests
METHODS OF TESTING LUMBER
considered sufficient to give representative results.
NOTE 8—For sawing tests where power consumption is an important
11. Planing
factor, material thicker than 0.75 in. (19 mm) shall be reduced to that
thickness before test. For material thinner than 0.75 in., a sufficient
11.1 A moulder (Fig. 3) is the preferable machine for the
number of pieces shall be laminated together to provide the 0.75-in.
planing test because of its relatively wide range of feeds and
thickness.
speeds and because of the ease of changing heads. In the
8.3 For each type of hardboard tested, five samples shall be absence of a moulder, a planer or planer-matcher may be used.
selected, one from each of five different sheets. The size of
In any case use only straight knives, and plane only one side of
these samples shall be 2 by 4 ft (610 by 1220 mm), and the the test specimen at a time.
thickness shall be that of the hardboard as manufactured. 11.2 Steel knives shall be freshly ground at the outset and
jointedtoapointwhereeachknifeshowsahairlinelandforthe
9. Preparation of Test Specimens from Lumber
entire length of the blade. When the land or jointed portion of
9.1 Each different test has its own procedure as described in the edge becomes as much as ⁄32 in. (0.80 mm) wide, as a
Sections 11-16. The following steps in preparing the test result of repeated jointings, the knives shall be reground before
specimens apply to all tests with lumber: continuing with the test.
9.1.1 Mark each board, nominal 1 by 5 in. by 4 ft (as by 127 11.3 All specimens used in this test (50 per species) shall be
mm by 1.2 m) to identify adequately the species source and 0.75 by 4 in. by 3 ft (19 by 102 by 910 mm).
individual sample. 11.4 The moisture content shall be 6 % or such other value
9.1.2 Cut a 0.5-in. (13-mm) cross section from one end of as may be specified.
each nom
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