ASTM D5397-99(2005)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to develop test data from which the susceptibility of polyolefin geomembrane sheet material to stress cracking under a constant tensile load condition and an accelerated environmental condition can be evaluated.
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a specified tensile load level. Results from a series of such tests utilizing a range of load levels can be used to construct a stress-time plot on a log-log axis.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 5397 – 99 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin
Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of
Geotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products
1.1 This test method is used to develop test data from which
the susceptibility of polyolefin geomembrane sheet material to
3. Terminology
stress cracking under a constant tensile load condition and an
3.1 Definitions:
accelerated environmental condition can be evaluated.
3.1.1 geomembrane, n—very low permeability synthetic
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated
membrane liners or barriers used with any geotechnical engi-
with a given test specimen at a specified tensile load level.
neering related material so as to control fluid migration in a
Results from a series of such tests utilizing a range of load
man-made project, structure, or system (see Test Method
levels can be used to construct a stress-time plot on a log-log
D 4833).
axis.
3.1.2 stress crack, n—an external or internal crack in a
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
plastic caused by tensile stresses less than its short-time
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are
mechanical strength (see Definitions D 883).
provided for information only.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The development of such cracks is
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
frequently accelerated by the environment to which the plastic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is exposed. The stresses that cause cracking may be present
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
internally or externally or may be combinations of these
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
stresses.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
2 4.1 This test method consists of subjecting a dumbbell
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shaped notched test specimen from a polyolefin sheet to a
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
constant tensile load in the presence of a surface-active agent
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
and at an elevated temperature. The time to failure of the test
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
specimen is recorded. The results of a series of such tests
conducted at different stress levels are presented by plotting
stress level against failure time for each stress level on a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
log-log axis.
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
ance Properties.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published September 2005. Originally
e1
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 5397 – 99 .
5.1 This test method does not purport to interpret the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
resulting response curve. Such interpretation is left to the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
parties involved in the commissioning and reporting of the test
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. results.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5397 – 99 (2005)
5.2 This test method is intended as an index test and may be
used for grading polyolefin geomembrane sheets in regard to
their stress cracking sensitivity.
5.2.1 Conditions that can affect stress cracking include:
levelofloading,testtemperatureandenvironment,microstruc-
ture,polymeradditivepackage,processinghistory,andthermal
history.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Blanking Die—Adie suitable for cutting test specimens
to the dimensions and tolerances shown in Fig. 1.
NOTE 1—The length of the specimen can be changed to suit the design
of the test apparatus. However, there should be a constant neck section
with length at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) long. The width should be 3.20 mm
NOTE 1—The number of positions in the test frame is optional.
(0.125 in.).
FIG. 2 Constant Stress Loading Apparatus Consisting of Twenty
6.2 Notching Device—A device or machine that can pro-
Specimen Test Positions
duce a consistent notch depth.
NOTE 2—An evaluation of the notching technique can be performed by
submersionheaterandcontrollerareusedtomaintainthetesttemperature.
quenching a notched specimen in liquid nitrogen and then fracturing it.
Apumpkeepstheliquidinaconstantstateofagitation.Atimingclockfor
The notch depth can readily be measured by examining the fracture
eachtestspecimenisalsoprovidedtorecordautomaticallythefailuretime
surface under a reflected light microscope
of the test specimens to the nearest 0.1 h.
6.3 Stress Cracking Apparatus—Equipment suitable for
NOTE 4—If “on/off” switches are used to control the timing clock, the
subjecting test specimens to a tensile stress of up to 13.8 MPa switch must be sensitive enough to be turned off under 200 g of the force.
(2000 lb/in. ). The specimens shall be maintained at a constant
7. Reagent
temperature of 50 6 1°C (122 6 2°F) while being totally
immersed in a surface-active agent. The solution should be 7.1 The reagent should consist of 10 % surface-active agent
constantlyagitatedtoprovideauniformconcentrationthrough- with 90 % water. The surface-active agent is Igepal CO-630
out the bath. that is nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol. The reagent
should be stored in a closed container. The reagent in the bath
NOTE 3—The apparatus shown in Fig. 2 is one type that has been used
should be replaced every two weeks to maintain a constant
andiscapableoftestingupto20specimensatatime.Thisequipmentuses
concentration.
a lever system with a mechanical advantage (MA) of three to impose the
desired loading on each specimen. The surface-active agent in which the
NOTE 5—In case of dispute, the water should be distilled or deionized
specimens are immersed is contained in an open stainless steel tank. A
at the discretion of the parties involved.
NOTE 6—Other incubation solutions may also be used in the test,
provided that the parties involved mutually agree to the changes and state
the specific details in the final report.
Notching equipment is available through REMCO Industrial Machine Co.,
Manville, NJ 08850.
8. Sampling
This equipment is available through Custom Scientific Instruments Co., Cedar
Knolls,NJ07927,andBTTechnologyInc.,613W.ClintonSt.,Rushville,IL62681.
8.1 Lot Sample—Divide the product into lots and take the
lot sample as directed in Practice D 4354.
8.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
tance testing, take a full-width swatch approximately1m(40
in.) long in the machine direction from each roll in the lot
sample.Thesamplemaybetakenfromtheendportionofaroll
provided there is no evidence it is distorted or different from
other portions of the roll.
8.3 Test Specimens—At least thirty test specimens are cut
from each swatch in the laboratory sample. For each set of
tests, all specimens must be taken from one direction.
NOTE 7—Quite often the test is required to challenge the weakest
direction of the sheet material. If this is the cross machine direction, the
test specimens should be cut in this direction. Hence the notch is placed
in the machine direction so that the specimens are stressed in the desired
cross machine direction.
NOTE 1—Dimensioned in millimetres to an accuracy of 0.02 mm.
FIG. 1 Dimensions of Test Method D 1822 Type“ L” Test Igepal CO-630 may be obtained from Rhone-Poulenc, CN 7500, Prospect
Specimens Plains Road, Cranbury, NJ 08512-7500.
D 5397 – 99 (2005)
NOTE 8—Ithasbeenfoundthatinsertingagrommetoreyeletinthetwo
should range from approximately 20 to 65 % at maximum
holes at the end tabs of the test specimen helps to reduce the number of
increments of 5 %. Three specimens are tested at each stress
“grip failures” or failures occurring outside of the neck section of the
level to produce statistically significant results.
specimen.
NOTE 10—To develop the entire curve in a single direction at the
9. Procedure
recommended values listed above will require ten increments at three
9.1 Measure the thickness of each individual test specimen specimens each, or 30 individual tests. If both directions are to be
at its minimum cross section to the nearest 0.013 mm (0.001 challenged, the entire test will require twice as many test specimens.
in.). The variation in thickness should not be greater than 6
9.5 For each set of test, the yield stress of the material
0.026 mm (6 0.002 in.) of the nominal thickness of the
should be measured according to Test Method D 638 (Type
geomembrane.
IV).
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