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ASTM D1557-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3))

Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft<sup>3</sup>(2,700 kN-m/m<sup>3</sup>))

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory compaction methods used to determine the relationship between water content and dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve) compacted in a 4- or 6-in. (101.6 or 152.4 mm) diameter mold with a 10-lbf. (44.5-N) rammer dropped from a height of 18 in. (457 mm) producing a compactive effort of 56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3).
Note 1--Soils and soil-aggregate mixtures should be regarded as natural occurring fine- or coarse-grained soils or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed soils or aggregates such as silt, gravel, or crushed rock.
Note 2--The equipment and procedures are the same as proposed by the U.S. Corps of Engineers in 1945. The modified effort test (see 3.2.2) is sometimes referred to as the Modified Proctor Compaction Test.
1.2 These test methods apply only to soils (materials) that have 30 % or less by mass of their particles retained on the 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
Note 3--For relationships between unit weights and water contents of soils with 30 % or less by weight of material retained on the 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve to unit weights and water contents of the fraction passing the 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve, see Practice D4718.
1.3 Three alternative methods are provided. The method used shall be as indicated in the specification for the material being tested. If no method is specified, the choice should be based on the material gradation.
1.3.1 Method A:
1.3.1.1Mold--4 in. (101.6-mm) diameter.
1.3.1.2Material--Passing No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
1.3.1.3 Layers--Five.
1.3.1.4Blows per layer--25.
1.3.1.5Use--May be used if 20 % or less by mass of the material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
1.3.1.6Other Use--If this method is not specified, materials that meet these gradation requirements may be tested using Methods B or C.
1.3.2 Method B
1.3.2.1Mold--4 in. (101.6-mm) diameter.
1.3.2.2 Material--Passing 3/8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.
1.3.2.3 Layers--Five.
1.3.2.4Blows per layer--25.
1.3.2.5Use--Shall be used if more than 20 % by mass of the material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and 20 % or less by mass of the material is retained on the 3/8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.
1.3.2.6Other Use--If this method is not specified, materials that meet these gradation requirements may be tested using Method C.
1.3.3 Method C:
1.3.3.1 Mold--6 in. (152.4-mm) diameter.
1.3.3.2 Material--Passing 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
1.3.3.3Layers--Five.
1.3.3.4 Blows per layer--56.
1.3.3.5 Use--Shall be used if more than 20 % by mass of the material is retained on the 3/8-in. (9.53-mm) sieve and less than 30 % by mass of the material is retained on the 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
1.3.4 The 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be used with Method A or B.
Note 4--Results have been found to vary slightly when a material is tested at the same compactive effort in different size molds.
1.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mass of oversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will not be included in the test, corrections must be made to the unit weight and water content of the test specimen or to the appropriate field in place density test specimen using Practice D4718.
1.5 This test method will generally produce well defined maximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If this test method is used for free draining soils the maximum unit weight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtained using Test Methods D4253.
1.6 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for information only.
1.6.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force, unless dynamic calculations (F = Ma) are involved. This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two s...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2000
ICS
93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.03 - Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
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Effective Date
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Referred By
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D2937-17e2 - Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D7100-11(2020) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D8204-18(2022) - Standard Practice for Burial and Retrieval of Samples in a Test Pad to Evaluate Installation Effects on Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6938-23 - Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5856-15 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Material Using a Rigid-Wall, Compaction-Mold Permeameter
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5030/D5030M-21 - Standard Test Methods for Density of In-Place Soil and Rock Materials by the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7263-21 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density and Unit Weight of Soil Specimens
Effective Date
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ASTM E2278-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D4914/D4914M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in a Test Pit
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7762-18e1 - Standard Practice for Design of Stabilization of Soil and Soil-Like Materials with Self-Cementing Fly Ash
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5321/D5321M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear
Effective Date
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ASTM D1557-00 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft<sup>3</sup>(2,700 kN-m/m<sup>3</sup>))ASTM D1557-00 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft<sup>3</sup>(2,700 kN-m/m<sup>3</sup>))
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ASTM D1557-00 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft<sup>3</sup>(2,700 kN-m/m<sup>3</sup>))
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 1557 – 00
Standard Test Methods for
Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using
3 3 1
Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700 kN-m/m ))
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.3.2.1 Mold—4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.
3
1.3.2.2 Material—Passing ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory compaction meth-
1.3.2.3 Layers—Five.
ods used to determine the relationship between water content
1.3.2.4 Blows per layer—25.
and dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve) compacted in
1.3.2.5 Use—Shall be used if more than 20 % by mass of
a 4- or 6-in. (101.6 or 152.4 mm) diameter mold with a 10-lbf.
the material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and 20 %
(44.5-N) rammer dropped from a height of 18 in. (457 mm)
3
3
or less by mass of the material is retained on the ⁄8-in.
producing a compactive effort of 56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700
3
(9.5-mm) sieve.
kN-m/m ).
1.3.2.6 Other Use—If this method is not specified, materials
NOTE 1—Soils and soil-aggregate mixtures should be regarded as
that meet these gradation requirements may be tested using
natural occurring fine- or coarse-grained soils or composites or mixtures
Method C.
of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed soils or aggregates
1.3.3 Method C:
such as silt, gravel, or crushed rock.
1.3.3.1 Mold—6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter.
NOTE 2—The equipment and procedures are the same as proposed by
3
the U.S. Corps of Engineers in 1945. The modified effort test (see 3.2.2) 1.3.3.2 Material—Passing ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
is sometimes referred to as the Modified Proctor Compaction Test.
1.3.3.3 Layers—Five.
1.3.3.4 Blows per layer—56.
1.2 These test methods apply only to soils (materials) that
1.3.3.5 Use—Shall be used if more than 20 % by mass of
have 30 % or less by mass of their particles retained on the
3
3 the material is retained on the ⁄8-in. (9.53-mm) sieve and less
⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
3
than 30 % by mass of the material is retained on the ⁄4-in.
NOTE 3—For relationships between unit weights and water contents of
(19.0-mm) sieve.
3
soils with 30 % or less by weight of material retained on the ⁄4-in.
1.3.4 The 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be used
(19.0-mm) sieve to unit weights and water contents of the fraction passing
with Method A or B.
3
the ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve, see Practice D 4718.
NOTE 4—Results have been found to vary slightly when a material is
1.3 Three alternative methods are provided. The method
tested at the same compactive effort in different size molds.
used shall be as indicated in the specification for the material
being tested. If no method is specified, the choice should be
1.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mass of
based on the material gradation. oversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will not be
1.3.1 Method A:
included in the test, corrections must be made to the unit
1.3.1.1 Mold—4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter. weight and water content of the test specimen or to the
1.3.1.2 Material—Passing No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
appropriate field in place density test specimen using Practice
1.3.1.3 Layers—Five. D 4718.
1.3.1.4 Blows per layer—25.
1.5 This test method will generally produce well defined
1.3.1.5 Use—May be used if 20 % or less by mass of the maximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If this
material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
test method is used for free draining soils the maximum unit
1.3.1.6 Other Use—If this method is not specified, materials
weight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtained
that meet these gradation requirements may be tested using using Test Methods D 4253.
Methods B or C.
1.6 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the
1.3.2 Method B: standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for
information only.
1.6.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force,
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity
unless dynamic calculations (F=Ma) are involved. This
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published September 2000. Originally implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the
published as D 1557 – 58. Last previous edition D 1557 – 91 (1998).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
...

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5.5 The unconsolidated-u...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the strength and stress-strain relationships of a cylindrical specimen of either intact, compacted, or remolded cohesive soil. Specimens are subjected to a confining fluid pressure in a triaxial chamber. No drainage of the specimen is permitted during the application of the confining fluid pressure or during the compression phase of the test. The specimen is axially loaded at a constant rate of axial deformation (strain controlled).  
1.2 This test method provides data for determining undrained strength properties and stress-strain relations for soils. This test method provides for the measurement of the total stresses applied to the specimen, that is, the stresses are not corrected for pore-water pressure.
Note 1: The determination of the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soils is covered by Test Method D2166/D2166M.
Note 2: The determination of the consolidated, undrained strength of cohesive soils with pore pressure measurement is covered by Test Method D4767.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemat...

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ASTM
ASTM D4381/D4381M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sand Content by Volume of Construction Slurries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the percentage of sand by volume in construction slurry. The significance of this test method mainly relates to construction slurries used for concrete wall and drilled piers construction. The range of measurement is too limited for use in applications where the sand content is intended to be greater than 20 %, such as in the cases of cement bentonite or soil bentonite walls.  
5.2 A high sand content in the construction slurry is abrasive for construction plant such as pumps, and is furthermore adverse to the formation of a filter cake in applications where bentonite fluid is used to stabilize an excavation.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard depends on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities being used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the sand content of bentonitic slurries used in slurry construction techniques. This test method has been modified from API Recommended Practice 13B.  
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Except, the sieve designation is identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11 instead of the “standard system,” such that the sieve used is referred to as a No. 200 sieve, instead of a 75 µm sieve.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4219-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Short-Term Unconfined Compressive Strength Index of Chemically Grouted Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain values for comparison with other test values to verify uniformity of materials or the effects of controllable variables, in grout-soil compositions.  
5.2 This test method is similar, in principle, to Test Method D2166/D2166M, but is not intended for determination of strength parameters to be used in design. Such values are more properly obtained from long-term triaxial tests.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the short-term unconfined compressive strength index of chemically grouted soils, using displacement-controlled application of test load.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.3.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal of significant digits in the specified limit.  
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5102/D5102M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Compression testing of soil-lime specimens is performed to determine unconfined compressive strength of the cured soil-lime-water mixture to determine the suitability of the mixture for uses such as in pavement bases and subbases, stabilized subgrades, and structural fills.  
5.2 Compressive strength data are used in soil-lime mix design procedures: (a) to determine if a soil will achieve a significant strength increase with the addition of lime; (b) to group soil-lime mixtures into strength classes; (c) to study the effects of variables such as lime percentage, unit weight, water content, curing time, curing temperature, etc.; and (d) to estimate other engineering properties of soil-lime mixtures.  
5.3 Lime is generally classified as calcitic or dolomitic. Usually in soil stabilization, high-calcium lime [CaO] or dolomitic lime [CaO + MgO] are used. The lime is transformed from oxide to hydroxide form [[Ca(OH)2 or [Ca(OH)2 + Mg(OH)2]] by the addition of water in the soil, a slurry tank, or at a manufacturing facility. Lime may increase the strength of cohesive soil. The type of lime in combination with soil type influences the resulting compressive strength.
Note 2: The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3740. Notwithstanding statements on precision and bias contained in this method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not, in itself, ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing, curing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-lime and other lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determining unconfined compressive strength. Depending on the diameter to height ratio, two procedures for determining the unconfined compressive strength of compacted soil-lime mixtures have been developed for specimens prepared at the maximum unit weight and optimum water content, or for specimens prepared at other target unit weight and water content levels. Other applications are given in Section 5 on Significance and Use.
Note 1: Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime and hydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesive soils. Lime kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases by cyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems. Some lime producers hydrate various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce a lime-based product.  
1.2 Cored specimens of soil-lime should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D2166/D2166M.  
1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided:  
1.3.1 Procedure A describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens having height-to-diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50. This test method provides the standard measure of compressive strength.  
1.3.2 Procedure B describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens using Test Methods D698 compaction equipment and molds commonly available in most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered to provide relative measures of individual specimens in a suite of test specimens rather than standard compressive strength values. Because of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) of the cylinders, compressive strength determined by Procedure B will normally be greater than that by Procedure A.  
1.3.3 Results of unconfined compressive strength tests using Procedure B should not be directly compared to those obtained using Procedure A.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guideline...

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ASTM D4452/D4452M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many geotechnical tests require the utilization of intact, representative samples of soil. The quality of these samples depends on many factors. Many of the samples obtained by intact sampling methods have inherent anomalies. Sampling procedures cause disturbances of varying types and intensities. These anomalies and disturbances, however, are not always readily detectable by visual inspection of the intact samples before or after testing. Often test results would be enhanced if the presence and the extent of these anomalies and disturbances are known before testing or before destruction of the sample by testing. Such determinations assist the user in detecting flaws in sampling methods, the presence of natural or induced shear planes, and the presence of natural intrusions, such as gravels or shells at critical regions in the samples, the presence of sand and silt seams, and the intensity of disturbances caused by sampling.  
5.2 X-ray radiography provides the user with a picture of the internal massive structure of the soil sample, regardless of whether the soil is X-rayed within or without the sampling tube. X-ray radiography assists the user in identifying the following:  
5.2.1 Appropriateness of sampling methods used.  
5.2.2 Effects of sampling in terms of the disturbances caused by the turning of the edges of various thin layers in varved soils, large disturbances caused in soft soils, shear planes induced by sampling, or extrusion, or both, effects of overdriving of samplers, the presence of cuttings in sampling tubes, or the effects of using bent, corroded, or nonstandard tubes for sampling.  
5.2.3 Naturally occurring fissures, shear planes, etc.  
5.2.4 The presence of intrusions within the sample, such as calcareous nodules, gravel, or shells.  
5.2.5 Sand and silt seams, organic matter, large voids, and channels developed by natural or artificial leaching of soil components.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard is de...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the quality of soil samples in thin wall tubes or of extruded soil cores by X-ray radiography.  
1.2 This practice enables the user to determine the effects of sampling and natural variations within samples as identified by the extent of the relative penetration of X-rays through soil samples.  
1.3 This practice can be used to X-ray soil cores (or observe their features on a fluoroscope) in thin wall tubes or liners ranging from approximately 50 to 150 mm [2 to 6 in.] in diameter. X-rays of samples in the larger diameter tubes provide a radiograph of major features of soils and disturbances, such as large scale bending of edges of varved clays, shear planes, the presence of large concretions, silt and sand seams thicker than 6 mm [1/4 in.], large lumps of organic matter, and voids or other types of intrusions. X-rays of the smaller diameter cores provide higher resolution of soil features and disturbances, such as small concretions (3 mm [1/8 in.] diameter or larger), solution channels, slight bending of edges of varved clays, thin silt or sand seams, narrow solution channels, plant root structures, and organic matter. The X-raying of samples in thin wall tubes or liners requires minimal preparation.  
1.4 Greater detail and resolution of various features of the soil can be obtained by X-raying extruded soil cores, as compared to samples in metal tubes. The method used for X-raying soil cores is the same as that for tubes and liners, except that extruded cores have to be handled with extreme care and have to be placed in sample troughs (similar to Fig. 2) before X-raying. This practice should be used only when natural water content or other intact soil characteristics are irrelevant to the end use of the sample.  
1.4.1 Often it is necessary to obtain greater resolution of features to determine the propriety of sampling methods, the representative nature of soil samples,...

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ASTM D2434-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse-Grained Soils

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of permeability by a constant-head method for the laminar flow of water through granular soils. The procedure is to establish representative values of the coefficient of permeability of granular soils that may occur in natural deposits as placed in embankments, or when used as base courses under pavements. The different apparatus used in determining the granular soil permeability are presented. The methods in preparing the test specimen are presented in details. The testing and calculation procedure for granular soil permeability determination are presented.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are used to measure one-dimensional vertical flow of water through initially saturated coarse-grained, pervious (that is, free-draining) soils under an applied hydraulic gradient. Hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained soils is used in various civil engineering applications. These test methods are suitable for determination of hydraulic conductivity for soils with k > 10–7 m/s.
Note 2: Clean coarse-grained soils that are classified using Practice D2487-17 as GP, GW, SP, and SW can be tested using these test methods. Depending on fraction and characteristics of fine-grained particles present in soils, these test methods may be suitable for testing other soil types with fines content greater than 5 % (for example, GP-GC, SP-SM).  
5.2 Coarse-grained soils are to be tested at a void ratio representative of field conditions. For engineered fills, compaction specification can be used to provide target test conditions, whereas for natural soils, field testing of in-situ density can be used to provide target test conditions.  
5.3 Use of a dual-ring permeameter is included in these test methods in addition to a single-ring permeameter for the rigid wall test apparatus. The dual-ring permeameter allows for reducing potential adverse effects of sidewall leakage on measured hydraulic conductivity of the test specimens. The use of a plate at the outflow end of the specimen that contains a ring with a diameter smaller than the diameter of the permeameter and the presence of two outflow ports (one from the inner ring, one from the annular space between the inner ring and the permeameter wall) allows for separating the flow from the central region of the test specimen from the flow near the sidewall of the permeameter.
Note 3: Sidewall leakage has been reported to have significant influence on flow conditions for coarse-grained soils due to presence of larger voids at the boundary and higher void ratio in this region of the specimen. Three modificat...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coefficient of permeability) of water-saturated coarse-grained soils (for example, sands and gravels) with k > 10–7 m/s. The test methods utilize low hydraulic gradient conditions.  
1.2 This standard describes two methods (A and B) for determining hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained soils. Method A incorporates use of a rigid wall permeameter and Method B incorporates the use of a flexible wall permeameter. A single- or dual-ring rigid wall permeameter may be used in Method A. A dual-ring permeameter may be preferred over a single-ring permeameter when adverse effects from short-circuiting of permeant water along the sidewalls of the permeameter (that is, prevent sidewall leakage) are suspected by the user of this standard.  
1.3 The test methods are used under constant head conditions.  
1.4 The test methods are used under saturated soil conditions.  
1.5 Water is used to permeate the test specimen with these test methods.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been reported in cm/s in the US, even though the official SI unit for hydraul...

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