ASTM E310-99(2004)e1
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs and illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related types of alloys. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level.
1.1.2 A standard nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.1.3 A source of reference radiographs from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular radiographs to serve as standards representing minimum acceptability. The standards so established are identified by an alphabetic defect type and severity level (or class) designation.
1.2 The original radiographs are of discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, "G" type, bronze alloy plates. These discontinuities are representative of those found in wide solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related Government and commercial material specifications:Valve bronze castingsB 61Composition bronze or ounce metal castings B 62Tin bronze sand castingsB 584Leaded red brass sand castingsB 584Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable)B 271 Similar to MIL-B-16541.
Similar to MIL-B-16444.
1.3 The discontinuity types and severity levels represented by the reference radiographs are shown in , which also indicates the code designation for each discontinuity type.
1.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.Note 1The reference radiographs consist of twenty-two 21/2 by 51/2-in. [63.5 by 139.7-mm] radiograph reproductions of low voltage X rays. Fifteen of these were made with newly developed 1-in. [25.4 mm] plate castings and seven were made with 3/4-in. plate castings used originally for documents NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The new plate castings cover Gas Porosity, Linear Shrinkage, and Feathery Shrinkage discontinuity types.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
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Designation:E310–99 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Tin Bronze Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2004.
1. Scope 1.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-
that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to
nal radiographs and illustrate various types and degrees of
be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used,
discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related types of
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
alloys. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this
levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be
document and must be purchased separately from ASTM
applicable and for which agreement has been reached between
International if needed. They are intended to provide the
purchaser and manufacturer.
following:
1.1.1 A guide to the recognition of common discontinuities 1
NOTE 1—The reference radiographs consist of twenty-two 2 ⁄2 by
and their differentiation both as to type and severity level.
5 ⁄2-in. [63.5 by 139.7-mm] radiograph reproductions of low voltage X
rays. Fifteen of these were made with newly developed 1-in. [25.4 mm]
1.1.2 A standard nomenclature for reference in acceptance
plate castings and seven were made with ⁄4-in. plate castings used
standards, specifications and drawings.
originally for documents NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The new plate
1.1.3 A source of reference radiographs from which manu-
castings cover Gas Porosity, Linear Shrinkage, and Feathery Shrinkage
facturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select
discontinuity types.
particular radiographs to serve as standards representing mini-
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
mum acceptability. The standards so established are identified
as the standard.
by an alphabetic defect type and severity level (or class)
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
designation.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 The original radiographs are of discontinuities in sand
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” type, bronze alloy plates. These
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
discontinuities are representative of those found in wide
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The following
ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these stan-
2. Referenced Documents
dards; however, it is intended that these reference radiographs
2.1 ASTM Standards:
also apply to related Government and commercial material
B61 Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze Castings
specifications:
B62 Specification for Composition Bronze or Ounce Metal
A
Valve bronze castings B61B61
B
Castings
Composition bronze or ounce metal castings B62B62
Tin bronze sand castings B584B584
B271 Specification for Copper-Base Alloy Centrifugal
Leaded red brass sand castings B584B584
Castings
Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B271B271
B584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for
A
Similar to MIL-B-16541.
General Applications
B
Similar to MIL-B-16444.
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
1.3 The discontinuity types and severity levels represented
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
by the reference radiographs are shown in Table 1, which also
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
indicates the code designation for each discontinuity type.
Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E310 - 99. DOI: the ASTM website.
10.1520/E0310-99R04E01. Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order RRE0310.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E310–99 (2004)
TABLE 1 Discontinuity Types and Severity Levels Illustrated by
construed as the only recommended techniques to be used for
A
the Reference Radiographs
the radiography of castings to be evaluated by these references.
Severity Level or
4.3 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to
B
Classes Based on
Discontinuity Type Code
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
1-in. [25.4-mm] Thick
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-
Plates
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-
Gas porosity A 1 to 5
C
Sand inclusions B 1 to 5
graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image
Shrinkage, linear Ca 1 to 5
quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-
Shrinkage, feathery or spongy Cd 1 to 5
C
odically examined for signs of wear and tear, including
Hot tear Da 1 illustration
C
Inserts, chaplets Eb 1 illustration
scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-
A
The radiographs are applicable to and including 2-in. thick sections. Upon graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which
agreement between manufacturer and purchaser, they may be used for larger
could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs
section thicknesses.
B should be replaced.
The discontinuity types are numbered according to severity level or class, one
representing the highest quality.
C
Standards are taken from NAVSHIPS 250-537-1.
5. Descriptions of Discontinuities
5.1 The following paragraphs are provided to aid in the
identification and classification of discontinuities (Note 3).
3. Terminology
They briefly describe the radiographic appearance of common
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this docu-
types of discontinuities and indicate their probable cause.
ment, see Terminology E1316, Section D.
5.1.1 Gas Holes—Round or elongated, smooth-edged dark
spots which may occur either individually, in clusters, or
4. Significance and Use
distributed throughout the casting section. They are generally
4.1 These reference radiographs were produced by the use
caused by trapped air or mold gases.
of 88:8:4, Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” plate castings. Table 2 lists the
NOTE 3—Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as more
chemical composition and mechanical property limits for the
or less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” or
alloy type. The references illustrate the appearance of the
cavities somewhat resembling certain types of shrinkage. It is recom-
various radiographic severity levels when the original radio-
mended that the “worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the use of the
graphs are produced to an optical density of 2.0 6 0.2 on high
feathery or sponge shrinkage category reference radiographs.
contrast, fine grain film with a sensitivity (quality level), as
5.1.2 Shrinkage—Shrinkage is generally associated with
determined by standard penetrameters, of 2 % (2-2T). In
improper feeding and manifests itself in the following different
selecting these reference radiographs, the aim was to obtain a
indication forms:
progressively graduated series for each type of discontinuity
5.1.2.1 Linear Shrinkage—Usually a continuous structure
(Note 2). It was not intended that alike numbered levels or
of connected lines, branches or network of variable length,
classes be considered of equal severity (as far as deterioration
width, and density.
of mechanical properties is concerned) for the various catego-
5.1.2.2 Feathery Shrinkage—Appears on the radiographs as
ries.
sponge but with a more feathery outline.
NOTE 2—For a description of sensitivity or quality levels, see Guide
5.1.2.3 Sponge Shrinkage—Appears on the radiographs as a
E94.
dark area or areas, lacy in textur
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