ASTM F1799-97(2009)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a planning audit that will improve the shipowner's ability to forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially hazardous shipboard materials.
Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification, purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with target materials identified during the planning process.
Caution—Legal restrictions on the removal and disposal of materials discussed in this guide may vary significantly from port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons for this variation include the decentralized nature of port control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on specific legal requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This guide covers information for assisting shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or disposal of systems or components may be costly or interrupt the work schedule.
1.2 Objectives:
1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be disturbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities, which may result in costly or time-consuming removal or disposal actions.
1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to identify and record the locations of materials of concern for immediate planning and future reference.
1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues related to the handling and storage of materials described in this guide.
1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:
1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.
1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as sewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left in segregated ballast tanks.
1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of test methods available for characterizing the materials discussed. Test methods referenced or described should be considered as examples.
1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regulatory issues for any of the materials described.
1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation concerns.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F1799 − 97(Reapproved 2009) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1799; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Purpose—This guide covers information for assisting
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications
E849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating
during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase
to Occupational Exposure toAsbestos (Withdrawn 1991)
negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance,
ASHRAE Guideline 3, Reducing Emission of Fully Haloge-
or disposal of systems or components may be costly or
nated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants in Refrig-
interrupt the work schedule.
eration andAir-Conditioning Equipment andApplications
1.2 Objectives:
2.3 EPA Methods:
1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be dis-
EPA600/M4–82–020, Interim Method of the Determination
turbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities,
of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples
which may result in costly or time-consuming removal or
EPA SW-846, Method 8080, Organochlorine Pesticides and
disposal actions.
PCBs
1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to iden-
EPA SW-846, Method 1311, Toxicity Characteristic
tify and record the locations of materials of concern for
Leachate Procedure
immediate planning and future reference.
EPA SW-846, Method 8270, Semi-Volatiles List
1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues
EPA SW-846, Method 8260, Volatiles List
related to the handling and storage of materials described in
3. Terminology
this guide.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:
3.1.1 audit, n—a process to identify waste materials associ-
1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried
ated with maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase
as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.
negotiations, or scrapping activities, some of which may be
1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products
hazardous, with the goal of providing planning information
related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as
about environmental, health, and safety risks and related costs.
sewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products
3.1.2 friable, n—a physical state in which a dry material can
resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left
be easily crumpled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand
in segregated ballast tanks.
pressure.
1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of
test methods available for characterizing the materials dis-
3.1.3 mobile, adj—capable of being transported from one
cussed. Test methods referenced or described should be con- surface to another.
sidered as examples.
3.1.4 PCB, n—a class of chemicals comprised of polychlo-
1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regula-
rinated biphenyls.
tory issues for any of the materials described.
1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
concerns.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeF25 on Ships and www.astm.org.
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF25.06 on Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Marine Environmental Protection. Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally 30329.
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F1799 - 97(2004). Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
DOI: 10.1520/F1799-97R09. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1799 − 97 (2009)
3.1.5 streaming agents, n—a type of chemical used to fight linked to asbestosis, mesothelioma, and other cancers. Expo-
small, contained fires by directing the firefighting agent spe- sure to cigarette smoke may increase the long-term risk of
cifically at the fire. developing asbestos-related lung cancer by as much as 90 %.
6.1.2 Uses—Many common construction products contain
3.1.6 target materials, n—specific materials that the audit
asbestos, although use of the material in the United States was
process will identify for evaluation.
significantlyreducedduringthe1970s.Likelyproductsinclude
3.1.7 waste oil, n—oil that cannot be reused or recycled.
pipe lagging and other types of insulation, vinyl tile and
linoleum, floor tile adhesives, cement sheet and fiberboard,
4. Significance and Use
brake pads and linings, and gasket materials, particularly for
4.1 Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a
high-temperature applications.
planning audit that will improve the shipowner’s ability to
6.1.3 Test Methods (for Thermal Insulation) (2):
forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in
6.1.3.1 Sampling—The area to be sampled should be sub-
identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associ-
divided into homogeneous areas, and sampling of each homo-
ated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially
geneous area should be conducted in a statistically random
hazardous shipboard materials.
manner. For surface materials, collect at least three samples for
4.2 Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a
each area under 1000 ft , at least five for areas between 1000
variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification,
and 5000 ft , and at least seven for each area greater than 5000
purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should
ft . For piping insulation, collect at least three samples from
be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with
each homogeneous section of piping.
target materials identified during the planning process.
6.1.3.2 Analysis—Samples should not be composited for
4.3 Caution—Legalrestrictionsontheremovalanddisposal analysis. Analysis of each sample should be conducted using
ofmaterialsdiscussedinthisguidemayvarysignificantlyfrom the Polarized Light Microscopy Method described in EPA
600/M4-82-020. Under current U.S. regulations, a homoge-
port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons
for this variation include the decentralized nature of port neous area may be considered free of asbestos if all samples
from that area are shown to contain less than 1 % of asbestos.
control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the
local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this 6.1.4 Handling Precautions(3)—Asbestos should only be
handledbytrainedpersonnel.Ifasbestosmustbedisturbed,the
guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on
specific legal requirements. area should be isolated and well-labeled to protect employees
not involved with the removal or repair work. Protective
5. Procedure
clothing including disposable coveralls, gloves, goggles, and a
respirator should be worn when handling asbestos, and person-
5.1 Planning—Objectives for the waste management audit
nel should remove contaminated clothes and wash before
should be established at the planning stage. A well-planned
leaving the work site. Material should be kept wet to minimize
audit will focus on target materials in critical locations to
minimize audit costs. Waste management audits, therefore, potentialforairbornefibers.Wasteproductsshouldbestoredin
plastic bags in a sealed rigid container and protected from
should be performed by environmental, health, and safety
experts familiar with the specific objectives of the audit. Past physical damage. Asbestos material, including asbestos waste,
should be stored in an isolated, regulated, and well-marked
audit reports of the area and other documentation that may
provide insight into material characterization should be re- area. Smoking, eating, drinking, chewing, or applying cosmet-
ics should be avoided in areas in which asbestos exposure is
viewedtoavoidtheexpenseofunnecessarytests.Forexample,
construction specifications may characterize a particular mate- likely. Practice E849 provides additional details. Asbestos
replacement materials also may pose environmental, safety,
rial, eliminating the need for testing. In some instances,
and health risks.
inspection of the ship or interviews with personnel on-site may
be beneficial in planning the audit.
6.2 PCB-Contaminated Media:
5.2 Testing—Many materials will require sampling and
6.2.1 Description—PCBs have many useful properties in-
characterization tests. A sampling plan should be followed by
cluding high stability, low vapor pressure, low flammability,
qualified and authorized personnel. Analysis performed by a
high heat capacity, and low electrical conductivity. They are
qualified or certified laboratory may be required.
suspected carcinogens, however, and have been associated
with adverse health and reproductive effects. They also have a
6. Potential Shipboard Generated Wastes
high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.Anumber
6.1 Asbestos: of trade names exist for PCBs, including Aroclor, Asbestol,
6.1.1 Description—Asbestos is the common name of a
Chlorextol, Diaclor, and Dykanol (4).
number of substances including amosite, anthrophyllite, am-
6.2.2 Uses—Because of the many positive characteristics of
phibole, and chrysotile (1). When asbestos becomes friable, it
PCBs, oils containing PCBs have been used in a great variety
may be inhaled or swallowed, penetrating body tissues and
of applications. The most common use has been as a dielectric
remaining there for many years. Exposure to asbestos has been
fluid in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equip-
ment. The oil also has been used in many other situations
including hydraulic equipment, paints, oil-soaked gasket ma-
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. terial, and as a plasticizer in many other products. PCBs have
F1799 − 97 (2009)
been banned in the United States since the mid-1970s, but point at which they can no longer be used for their intended
materials manufactured after the ban have been found to purpose. Many used oils can be recycled. This category does
contain them. Applications involving mobile forms of PCBs not include water contaminated with small amounts of oil,
pose a much greater risk to personnel and the environment. which is addressed in 6.7.
Typical shipboard materials that may contain mobile forms of 6.4.2 Uses—The primary sources of shipboard used or
PCBs include electrical equipment containing dielectric fluid, waste oils are from hydraulic systems, engine room machinery,
oil-soaked gasket material, oil-soaked insulation material, and lubricating systems, and fuel systems.
hydraulic fluids. 6.4.3 Test Methods—Tests for halogen content and flash
6.2.3 Test Methods: point are the most common, but test procedures will vary
6.2.3.1 Sampling—Because of significant variation in the depending on the intended disposal method and suspected
PCB content of similar materials, mixing or combining contaminants.
samples prior to analysis is not recommended. Similarly, 6.4.4 Handling Precautions—Recycling may include pro-
random samples cannot prove untested items either to contain cesses, such as reclamation, burning for energy recovery,
or to be free of PCBs. Liquid oils may be sampled using reprocessing, or re-refining. The recycling potential of a used
Practices D923. oil product will be dependent on the quantity of contaminants
present. Contaminants may include arsenic, cadmium, chro-
6.2.3.2 Analysis—Materials may be analyzed using EPA
SW-846, Method 8080. mium, lead, PCBs, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or halogens
(chlorine, fluorine, and bromine). Unusually low flash points
6.2.4 Handling Precautions—PCBs should only be handled
by trained personnel. Protective equipment should be worn also may limit recycling potential, as will the presence of
dispersants or emulsifying agents. Table 1 summarizes poten-
when handling PCBs, with particular attention to avoiding skin
and respiratory exposure. Work spaces should be well venti- tialrecyclingproblemsassociatedwithavarietyofcommonoil
products.
lated (3).
6.3 Refrigerants: 6.5 Paint Products:
6.5.1 Description—Paint often contains toxic constituents.
6.3.1 Description—Refrigerants present similar health and
environmental dangers and may be discussed as a group. Many Intact paint typically poses little risk, but exposure to toxic
materials may occur during spraying, sanding, grinding, burn-
refrigerants are ozone-depleting substances. In general, refrig-
erants are relatively safe and stable gases, but may displace ing, or abrasive blasting procedures with paints containing
eventraceamountsoftoxicchemicals.Potentialtoxicconstitu-
oxygen to dangerously low levels when released into confined
spaces. Some refrigerants also may have acute toxic effects or ents in paint include fluoride salts and compounds of heavy
metals. Toxic organic compounds such as benzene and toluene
result in increased cardiac sensitization at high concentrations.
6.3.2 Uses—Anumber of chemicals are used as refrigerants may be present in paint solvents. Toxic constituents are a
concern because of the need to protect those applying or
in shipboard air conditioning or refrigeration systems. Almost
all are halocarbons, with CFC 12 and HCFC 22 being the most disturbing paint and because of disposal concerns associated
with paint chips and contaminated blast grit. Paint found on
common of the traditional refrigerants. Concern for the ozone-
older ships is of particular concern, as many layers of paint
depleting potential of these substances has led to the introduc-
may be found in a single location.
tion of another common refrigerant, HFC 134a.
6.5.2 Uses—Not applicable.
6.3.3 Test Methods—Identification of materials typically
6.5.3 Test M
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