ASTM E155-00(2005)e1
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/4 in. [6.35 mm] and 3/4 in. [19.1 mm]. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 This document may be used where no other applicable document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Vol I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and each plate illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximately a 2 by 2-in. [51 by 51-mm] area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 101/2 by 111/2-in. [267 by 292-mm] ring binder.
Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).
Note 1
Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. [25 mm] in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E 505.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:E155–00 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
These Reference Radiographs have been developed in cooperation with the Quality Control Committee and Aerospace Research and
Testing Committee of the Aerospace Industries Association.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—References to withdrawn Method E 142 were removed in January 2005.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
degreesofdiscontinuitiesthatmaybefoundinaluminum-alloy E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in E 505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
1 3
thicknesses of ⁄4 in. [6.35 mm] and ⁄4 in. [19.1 mm]. The and Magnesium Die Casting
reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
must be purchased separately from ASTM International if 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
needed. Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and
1.2 This document may be used where no other applicable Magnesium Castings:
document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has Volume I, Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been Volume II, Magnesium Castings
reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. 3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this standard
may be found in Terminology E 1316.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 The terms relating to discontinuities used in these
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
reference radiographs are described based upon radiographic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. appearance.
3.2.2 foreign materials—appear as isolated, irregular, or
NOTE 1—Vol I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates
elongated variations of film density, not corresponding to
covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates cover-
variationsinthicknessofmaterial,nortocavities.Theymaybe
ing discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an
due to the presence of sand, slag, oxide or dross, or metal of
8 ⁄2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and each plate illustrates
eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximatelya2by 2-in. different density.
[51 by 51-mm] area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 10 ⁄2 by
3.2.3 gas holes—appear as round or elongated, smooth-
11 ⁄2-in. [267 by 292-mm] ring binder.
edged dark spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distrib-
Vol. II:The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering
uted throughout the casting.
discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an
3.2.4 gas porosity—represented by round or elongated dark
8 ⁄2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and illustrates eight
spots corresponding to minute voids usually distributed
grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete
through the entire casting.
discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne-
sium die castings up to 1 in. [25 mm] in thickness are contained in
Reference Radiographs E 505.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee the ASTM website.
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs. graph No. RRE015501.
Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originally Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 155 - 00. graph No. RRE015502.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E155–00 (2005)
3.2.5 microshrinkage (feathery type)—microshrinkage hav- earths and thorium oxides also. It is often associated with
ing an elongated appearance resembling feather-like streaks. zirconium-rich particles.
3.2.6 microshrinkage (sponge type)—microshrinkage hav-
NOTE 3—More detailed descriptions of these discontinuities can be
ing a spongelike appearance, and more massive and equiaxed
found in the article, “New Reference Radiographs for Magnesium Alloy
than the feathery type.
Castings,” by B. Lagowski, published in the Journal of Testing and
Evaluation, Vol 2, No. 4, July 1974.
3.2.7 reacted sand inclusions—appear on radiograph as
“spotty segregation,” that is, sharply defined round light areas,
3.2.9 shrinkage cavity—appears as a dendritic, filamentary,
about 1 mm in diameter, and often with the rim lighter than the
or jagged darkened area.
center. They are entrapped sand particles that underwent
3.2.10 shrinkage porosity or sponge (nonferrous alloys)—a
reaction with molten magnesium alloys containing zirconium
localized lacy or honeycombed darkened area.
(Note 3).
3.2.8 segregations—appear as variations in film density
4. Significance and Use
which can be explained by segregation of elements of atomic
4.1 These radiographs are intended for reference only but
numbers different from that of the matrix.
are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be
3.2.8.1 gravity segregation—appears white on radiograph
developed for particular requirements, can be specified in
and may range from a mottling-type effect through white-
terms of these radiographs. The illustrations are radiographs of
diffused spots blending with the matrix, to a cloud-like
castings that were produced under conditions designed to
appearance in more severe cases. They are agglomerations of
develop the discontinuities. The radiographs of the ⁄4-in.
particles precipitated at temperatures above liquidus (Note 3).
[6.35-mm] castings are intended to be used in the thickness
3.2.8.2 eutectic segregation—type of segregation is gener-
range up to and including ⁄2 in. [12.7 mm]. The radiographs of
allyrepresentedwhenadefectordiscontinuitydevelopsduring
the ⁄4-in. [19.1-mm] castings are intended to be used in the
solidification and is fed with a near eutectic residual liquid rich
thickness range of over ⁄2 in. to and including 2 in. [51 mm].
with alloying elements that have a high X-ray attenuation. One
The grouping and system of designations are based on consid-
exception to this enrichment as illustrated in Reference Radio-
erations of the best practical means of making these reference
graphs E 155 is flow line (or eutectic depletion), where there is
radiographs of the greatest possible value.
a local impoverishment of the alloying elements that have a
4.2 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to
high X-ray attenuation (Note 3).
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
(1) eutectic segregation—microshrinkage type—typeofseg-
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-
regation develops when a microshrinkage develops during
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-
solidification, and is fed with residual liquid rich in dense
graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image
alloying elements such as thorium. The area will show light on
quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-
a radiograph (Note 3).
odically examined for signs of wear and tear, including
(2) eutectic segregation—pipe-shrink type—type of segre- scratches, ab
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