ASTM D4272-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important in predicting the performance of a material in applications such as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates the action encountered in applications where moderate-velocity blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.
5.2 The values obtained by this test method are highly dependent on the method and conditions of film fabrication as well as the type and grade of resin.
5.3 Test methods employing different missile velocities, impinging surface diameters, or effective specimen diameters will most likely produce different results. Data obtained by this test method cannot necessarily be compared directly with those obtained by other test methods.
5.4 The impact resistance of a film, while partly dependent on thickness, does not have a simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values expressed in joules (ft·lbf) normalized over a range of thickness will not necessarily be linear with thickness. Data from this test method are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±15 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.
5.5 The test results obtained by this test method are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The influence of variability of data obtained by this procedure will, therefore, depend strongly on the sample quality, uniformity of film thickness, the presence of die marks, contaminants, etc.
5.6 Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D1709 (Test Method A), Test Method D3420 (Procedures A and B), and Test Method D4272. The test results are shown in Appendix X2. Differences in results between Test Methods...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 μm (0.010 in.).Note 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
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Designation: D4272 − 14
StandardTest Method for
1
Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy
ISO 7765–2 Plastics Film and Sheeting—Determination of
lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
Impact Resistance by the Free Falling Dart Method—Part
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2: Instrumented Puncture Test
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Terminology—For definitions, see Terminology D883.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 free-fall time—the measured time required for the dart
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
to travel through the sensing area with no film specimen in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
clamp.
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal
3.2.2 missile mass (SI units)—the total mass of the dart (kg)
thickness not greater than 0.25 µm (0.010 in.).
including any attached incremental weights and the locking
NOTE 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject
matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly
collar.
compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a
3.2.3 missile weight (in.-lb units)—the total weight of the
direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head,
dart (lb) including any attached incremental weights and the
while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then
measuringthetimeoftravelthroughagivendistancetogetenergyvalues. locking collar.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In the energy calculation, the weight is
2. Referenced Documents
divided by the gravitational constant, “g” to obtain the mass.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.4 test-fall time—the measured time for the dart to travel
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
through the sensing area with a film specimen in the clamp.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
4. Summary of Test Method
by the Free-Falling Dart Method
4.1 The velocity of a freely falling dart of specified shape
D3420 Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of
that has passed through a sheet of plastic film is determined by
Plastic Film
means of a photoelectric speed trap. The kinetic energy
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
corresponding to this velocity is calculated and compared with
Plastics Specimens
the kinetic energy of the same dart measured without a plastic
D6988 GuideforDeterminationofThicknessofPlasticFilm
film in place. The loss in kinetic energy of the dart due to
Test Specimens
rupturing of the film is used as an index of impact resistance.
E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier
Packaging
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
inpredictingtheperformanceofamaterialinapplicationssuch
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
Molded Products. as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates
Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originally
theactionencounteredinapplicationswheremoderate-velocity
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4272 - 09. DOI:
blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.
10.1520/D4272-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4272 − 09 D4272 − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost
by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 μm (0.010 in.).
NOTE 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared
between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test
Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method
D3420 Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
D6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
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2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 7765–2 Plastics Film and Sheeting—Determination of Impact Resistance by the Free Falling Dart Method—Part 2:
Instrumented Puncture Test
3. Terminology
3.1 Terminology—For definitions, see Terminology D883.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 free-fall time—the measured time required for the dart to travel through the sensing area with no film specimen in the
clamp.
3.2.2 missile mass (SI units)—the total mass of the dart (kg) including any attached incremental weights and the locking collar.
3.2.3 missile weight—weight (in.-lb units)—the total weight of the dart plus the total value of (lb) including any attached
incremental weights attached, including and the locking collar.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and Molded
Products.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009April 1, 2014. Published June 2009April 2014. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 as
D4272 - 08a.D4272 - 09. DOI: 10.1520/D4272-09.10.1520/D4272-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4272 − 14
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
In the energy calculation, the weight is divided by the gravitational constant, “g” to obtain the mass.
3.2.4 test-fall time—the measured time for the dart to travel through the sensing area with a film specimen in the clamp.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The velocity of a freely falling dart of specified shape that has passed through a sheet of plastic film is determined by means
of a photoelectric speed trap. The kinetic energy corresponding to this velocity is calculated and compared with the kinetic energy
o
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