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ASTM D909-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasoline's by the Supercharge Method

Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasoline's by the Supercharge Method

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the knock-limited power, under supercharge rich-mixture conditions, of fuels for use in spark-ignition reciprocating aircraft engines, in terms of ASTM supercharge octane or performance number. By operational considerations, this test method is restricted to testing fuels of 85 ASTM supercharge octane number and over.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Annex 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.01 - Combustion Characteristics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D909-00e1 - Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasolines by the Supercharge Method
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D909-01e1 - Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasolines by the Supercharge Method
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7547-23 - Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7719-21a - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7826-23a - Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7960-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Non-hydrocarbon Components
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8434-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Organo-metallic Additive
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001

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ASTM D909-01 - Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasoline's by the Supercharge MethodASTM D909-01 - Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasoline's by the Supercharge Method
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ASTM D909-01 - Standard Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasoline's by the Supercharge Method
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 909 – 01 Method 6012.6—Federal Test
Method Standard No. 791b
Designation: 119/96
Standard Test Method for
Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasolines by the
1
Supercharge Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
6
1. Scope Absorption Spectrometry
D3341 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by the Iodine
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the knock-
6
Monochloride Method
limited power, under supercharge rich-mixture conditions, of
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
fuels for use in spark-ignition reciprocating aircraft engines, in
6
Petroleum Products
terms of ASTM supercharge octane or performance number.
7
E1 Specifications for ASTM Thermometers
By operational considerations, this test method is restricted to
testingfuelsof85ASTMsuperchargeoctanenumberandover.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1 Definitions:
as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information
3.1.1 ASTM supercharge octane number of a fuel below
only.
100—the whole number nearest the percentage by volume of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
isooctane(equals100)inablendwithn-heptane(equals0)that
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
matches the knock characteristics of the fuel when compared
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by this test method.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 ASTM supercharge rating of a fuel above 100—the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
amount of tetraethyllead (TEL) in isooctane, expressed in
tionary statements are given in Annex A7.
millilitres per U.S. gallon.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2 ASTM supercharge ratings are normally expressed as
octanenumbersbelow100andasperformancenumbersabove
2.1 ASTM Standards:
100. At 100, a rating may be expressed either as 100 octane
D1368 Test Method for Trace Concentrations of Lead in
2
number or as 100 performance number. Sometimes it is
Primary Reference Fuels
3 desirable to convert the ASTM supercharge octane number to
D2268 Test Method for Analysis of High Purity
performancenumber.ThiscanbedonebyusingTable 1.Table
D2599 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-
4 2 lists the corresponding performance numbers for various
trometry
concentrations of tetraethyllead in isooctane.
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of
5
Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
4. Summary of Test Method
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
5 4.1 ASTM supercharge octane or performance number of a
Ignition Engine Fuel
fuel is determined by comparing its knock-limited power with
D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic
those for bracketing blends of reference fuels under standard
operating conditions. This is done at constant compression
ratio by varying the manifold pressure and fuel flow rate, the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
independent variables of the test, and measuring indicated
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
mean effective pressure (imep) at enough points to define the
D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.
mixtureresponsecurvesforthesampleandthereferencefuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2001. Published February 2002. Originally
e1
published as D909–58. Last previous edition D909–00 . When the knock-limited power for the sample is bracketed
2
Discontinued, see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
4
Discontinued, Replaced by Test Method D5059, see 1992 Annual Book of
6
ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
5 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D909–01
TABLE 1 ASTM Conversion of Octane Numbers to Performance Numbers
Octane Octane
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Number Number
Performance Number
70 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.8 48.9 49.0 49.0 70
71 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 71
72 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.5 50.6 50.7 50.8 72
73 50.9 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.7 51.8 73
74 51.9 51.9 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 5
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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