ASTM C451-04a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method)
Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early stiffening in hydraulic-cement paste.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Warning-Fresh hydraulic-cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated with the liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
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Designation:C451–04a
Standard Test Method for
1
Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early
Testing of Hydraulic Cements
stiffening in hydraulic-cement paste.
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3. Terminology
only.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 early stiffening, n—the early development of stiffness
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in the working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mortar, or concrete; varieties include false set and flash set.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 false set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
Warning—Fresh hydraulic-cementitious mixtures are caus-
concrete without the evolution of much heat, which stiffness
tic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
can be dispelled and plasticity regained by further mixing
prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing,
without addition of water; also known as “grab set,” “prema-
and eye protection is recommended. Wash contact area with
ture stiffening,”“ hesitation set,” and “rubber set.”
copious amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a
3.1.3 flash set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing
working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
saturated with the liquid phase of the unhardened material.
concrete, usually with the evolution of considerable heat,
Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure.
which stiffness cannot be dispelled nor can the plasticity be
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
regained by further mixing without addition of water; also
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
known as “quick set.”
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
3.1.4 Refer to Terminology C 219 for definitions of other
as requirements of the standard.
terms.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 A paste is prepared with the cement to be tested, using
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
sufficient water to give a required initial penetration as mea-
C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
sured by the Vicat apparatus at a stipulated time after comple-
Hydraulic Cement
tion of mixing.Asecond penetration, termed the final penetra-
C 187 Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic
tion, is measured at a later stipulated time. The ratio of final
Cement
penetration to initial penetration is calculated as a percentage.
C 219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
C 305 PracticeforMechanicalMixingofHydraulicCement
5. Significance and Use
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
degree to which a cement paste develops early stiffening or to
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
establish whether or not a cement complies with a specification
limit on early stiffening.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cement 5.2 When used for establishing compliance with a specifi-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.30 on Time of Set.
cation limit, the specification requirement is customarily stated
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
in terms of the minimum allowable final penetration, in
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 451 – 04.
2
percent, calculated in accordance with the Calculation Section.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM When used for estimating the relative tendency of a cement to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
manifest early stiffening, additional information of value may
the ASTM website.
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