ASTM C451-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method)
Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early stiffening in hydraulic-cement paste.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Warning—Fresh hydraulic-cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated with the liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure.
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Designation: C 451 – 04
Standard Test Method for
1
Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early
3. Terminology
stiffening in hydraulic-cement paste.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.1 early stiffening, n—the early development of stiffness
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
in the working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste,
only.
mortar, or concrete; varieties include false set and flash set.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 false set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
concrete without the evolution of much heat, which stiffness
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
can be dispelled and plasticity regained by further mixing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
without addition of water; also known as “grab set,” “prema-
Warning—Fresh hydraulic-cementitious mixtures are caus-
ture stiffening,”“ hesitation set,” and “rubber set.”
tic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
3.1.3 flash set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing,
working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
and eye protection is recommended. Wash contact area with
concrete, usually with the evolution of considerable heat,
copious amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a
which stiffness cannot be dispelled nor can the plasticity be
minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing
regained by further mixing without addition of water; also
saturated with the liquid phase of the unhardened material.
known as “quick set.”
Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure.
3.1.4 Refer to Terminology C 219 for definitions of other
2. Referenced Documents terms.
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
4.1 A paste is prepared with the cement to be tested, using
C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
sufficient water to give a required initial penetration as mea-
Hydraulic Cement
sured by the Vicat apparatus at a stipulated time after comple-
C 187 Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic
tion of mixing. A second penetration, termed the final penetra-
Cement
tion, is measured at a later stipulated time. The ratio of final
C 219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
penetration to initial penetration is calculated as a percentage.
C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
5. Significance and Use
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
degree to which a cement paste develops early stiffening or to
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
establish whether or not a cement complies with a specification
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
limit on early stiffening.
Testing of Hydraulic Cements
5.2 When used for establishing compliance with a specifi-
cation limit, the specification requirement is customarily stated
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in terms of the minimum allowable final penetration, in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.30 on Time of Set.
percent, calculated in accordance with the Calculation Section.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally
When used for estimating the relative tendency of a cement to
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 451 – 99.
2
manifest early stiffening, additional information of value may
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM be obtained if the remix procedure described in the Procedure
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Section is employed. Under some conditions, a judgment may
the ASTM website.
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