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ASTM D6884-03

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems

Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard is intended for use by designers and contractors to assist in understanding the importance of proper installation of articulating concrete block revetment systems in order to achieve suitable hydraulic performance and maintain stability against the erosive force of flowing water.
An articulating concrete block system is comprised of a matrix of individual concrete blocks placed together to form an erosion-resistant overlay with specific hydraulic performance characteristics. The system includes a geotextile underlay compatible with the subsoil that allows hydraulic infiltration and exfiltration to occur while providing particle retention. The blocks within the matrix shall be dense and durable and the matrix shall be flexible and porous.
Articulating concrete block systems are used to provide erosion protection to underlying soil materials from the forces of flowing water. The term “articulating,” as used in this standard, implies the ability of individual blocks of the system to conform to changes in the subgrade while remaining interconnected by virtue of block interlock and/or additional system components such as cables, ropes, geotextiles, or geogrids.
The definition of articulating concrete block systems does not distinguish between interlocking and non-interlocking block geometries, between cable-tied and non-cable-tied systems, between vegetated and non-vegetated systems or between methods of manufacturing or placement. Furthermore, the definition does not restrict or limit the block size, shape, strength, or longevity; however, guidelines and recommendations regarding these factors are incorporated into this standard. This standard does not specify size restrictions for individual block units. Block systems are available in either open-cell or closed-cell varieties.
The installation of articulated concrete block systems shall be performed so as to maintain intimate contact between the blocks, the geotextile filter and the subgrade that ...
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide recommended guidelines for the proper installation of articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment systems.
1.2 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace standard of care by which adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without considerations of a project's many unique aspects. The word "standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.25 - Erosion and Sediment Control Technology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6884-03(2010) - Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7276-16(2023) - Standard Guide for Analysis and Interpretation of Test Data for Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems in Open Channel Flow
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003

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ASTM D6884-03 - Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsASTM D6884-03 - Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems
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ASTM D6884-03 - Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6884–03
Standard Practice for
Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ropes, geotextiles, geogrids, or a combination thereof, and
typically include a geotextile underlayment for subsoil reten-
1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide recommended
tion.
guidelines for the proper installation of articulating concrete
block (ACB) revetment systems.
4. Summary of Practice
1.2 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
4.1 The proper installation of articulated concrete block
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
revetment systems is essential to the adequate functioning and
educationorexperienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwith
performance of the system during the design hydrologic event.
professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be
This standard provides guidelines for maximizing the corre-
applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
spondence between the design intent and the actual field-
intended to represent or replace standard of care by which
finished conditions of the project.
adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor
4.2 This standard addresses the preparation of the subgrade,
should this document be applied without considerations of a
geotextile placement, block system placement, backfilling and
project’s many unique aspects.The word “standard” in the title
finishing, and inspection.
of this document means only that the document has been
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
5. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
5.1 This standard is intended for use by designers and
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
contractors to assist in understanding the importance of proper
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
installation of articulating concrete block revetment systems in
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
order to achieve suitable hydraulic performance and maintain
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
stability against the erosive force of flowing water.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.2 An articulating concrete block system is comprised of a
matrix of individual concrete blocks placed together to form an
2. Referenced Documents
2 erosion-resistant overlay with specific hydraulic performance
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3 characteristics. The system includes a geotextile underlay
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
compatible with the subsoil that allows hydraulic infiltration
C698 Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and
and exfiltration to occur while providing particle retention.The
SpectrochemicalAnalysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides
blocks within the matrix shall be dense and durable and the
((U, Pu)O )
matrix shall be flexible and porous.
3. Terminology 5.3 Articulating concrete block systems are used to provide
erosion protection to underlying soil materials from the forces
3.1 Definitions:
of flowing water. The term “articulating,” as used in this
3.1.1 articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment system,
standard, implies the ability of individual blocks of the system
n—a matrix of interconnected concrete block units for erosion
to conform to changes in the subgrade while remaining
protection. Units are connected by geometric interlock, cables,
interconnected by virtue of block interlock and/or additional
system components such as cables, ropes, geotextiles, or
geogrids.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
5.4 The definition of articulating concrete block systems
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and
Sediment Control Technology.
does not distinguish between interlocking and non-interlocking
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published May 2003. DOI: 10.1520/
block geometries, between cable-tied and non-cable-tied sys-
D6884-03.
tems, between vegetated and non-vegetated systems or be-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.01. tween methods of manufacturing or placement. Furthermore,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6884–03
the definition does not restrict or limit the block size, shape, 6.2 Placement of Geotextile:
strength, or longevity; however, guidelines and recommenda-
6.2.1 Immediately prior to placing the geotextile and ACB
tions regarding these factors are incorporated into this stan-
system, the prepared subgrade shall be inspected. The geotex-
dard. This standard does not specify size restrictions for
tile shall be placed directly on the prepared area, in intimate
individual block units. Block systems are available in either
contact with the subgrade and free of folds or wrinkles. The
open-cell or closed-cell varieties.
geotextile shall be placed in such a manner that placement of
5.5 The installation of articulated concrete block systems
the overlying materials will not excessively stretch or tear the
shall be performed so as to maintain intimate contact between
geotextile. After geotextile placement, the work area shall not
theblocks,thegeotextilefilterandthesubgradethatthesystem
bedisturbedsoastoresultinalossofintimatecontactbetween
is intended to protect.
the concrete block, the geotextile, and the subgrade. The
geotextile shall not be left exposed longer than the manufac-
6. Procedure
turer’s recommendation to minimize potential damage due to
6.1 Subgrade Preparation:
ultraviolet radiation.
6.1.1 Stable and compacted subgrade soil shall be prepared
6.2.2 The geotextile shall be placed so that upstream strips
to the lines, grades and cross sections shown on the contract
overlap downstream strips and so that upslope strips overlap
drawings.Termination trenches and transitions between slopes,
downslope strips. Overlaps shall be in the direction of flow
embankment crests, benches, berms and toes shall be com-
wherever possible. The longitudinal and transverse joints shall
pacted, shaped and uniformly graded to facilitate the develop-
beoverlappedatleast3ft(91cm)forbelow-waterinstallations
ment of intimate contact between the ACB system and the
and at least 1.5 ft (46 cm) for dry installations. If a sewn seam
underlying grade. Termination between the articulating con-
is to be used for the seaming of the geotextile, the thread to be
crete block revetment system and a concrete slab, wall or
used shall consist of high strength polypropylene or polyester
similar structure, shall be secured in a manner which prevents
and shall be resistant to ultraviolet radiation. The geotextile
soil migration.
shall extend beyond the top, toe and side termination points of
6.1.2 The subgrade soil conditions shall meet or exceed the
the revetment. If necessary to expedite construction and to
required material properties described in 6.1.4
...

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ASTM D7277-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Performance Testing of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems for Hydraulic Stability in Open Channel Flow

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An articulating concrete block revetment system is comprised of a matrix of individual concrete blocks placed together to form an erosion-resistant revetment with specific hydraulic performance characteristics. The system includes a filter layer compatible with the subsoil which allows infiltration and exfiltration to occur while providing particle retention. The filter layer may be comprised of a geotextile, properly graded granular media, or both. The concrete blocks within the matrix shall be dense and durable, and the matrix shall be flexible and porous.  
5.2 ACB revetment system are used to provide erosion protection to underlying soil materials from the forces of flowing water. The term “articulating,” as used in this standard, implies the ability of individual concrete blocks of the system to conform to changes in subgrade while remaining interconnected by virtue of geometric interlock, cables, ropes, geotextiles, geogrids, or combination thereof.  
5.3 The definition of ACB revetment system does not distinguish between interlocking and non-interlocking block geometries, between cable-tied and non-cable-tied systems, between vegetated and non-vegetated systems or between methods of manufacturing or placement. Furthermore, the definition does not restrict or limit the block size, shape, strength, or longevity; however, guidelines and recommendations regarding these factors are incorporated into this standard. Blocks are available in either open-cell or closed-cell configurations.
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1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide specifications for the hydraulic testing of full-scale articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment systems under controlled laboratory conditions for purposes of identifying stability performance in steep slope, high-velocity flows. The testing protocols, including system installation, test procedures, measurement techniques, analysis techniques, and reporting requirements are described in this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting or use of units other than inch-pound shall not be considered non-conformance as long as the selected parameters described regarding flume construction by the inch-pound system used in this method are met as a minimum.  
1.2.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded and calculated in this Guide are regarded as the industry standard. In addition they are representative of the significant digits that generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose of obtaining the data, special purpose studies or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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ASTM D7276-16(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Analysis and Interpretation of Test Data for Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems in Open Channel Flow

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is intended for use by researchers and designers to assess the stability of articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment systems in order to achieve stable hydraulic performance under the erosive force of flowing water.  
5.2 An articulating concrete block system is comprised of a matrix of individual concrete blocks placed together to form an erosion-resistant revetment with specific hydraulic performance characteristics. The system includes a filter layer compatible with the subsoil which allows infiltration and exfiltration to occur while providing particle retention. The filter layer may be comprised of a geotextile, properly graded granular media, or both. The blocks within the matrix shall be dense and durable, and the matrix shall be flexible and porous.  
5.3 Articulating concrete block systems are used to provide erosion protection to underlying soil materials from the forces of flowing water. The term “articulating,” as used in this standard, implies the ability of individual blocks of the system to conform to changes in the subgrade while remaining interconnected by virtue of block interlock or additional system components such as cables, ropes, geotextiles, geogrids, or other connecting devices, or combinations thereof.  
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1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide recommended guidelines for the analysis and interpretation of hydraulic test data for articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment systems under steep slope, high velocity flow conditions in a rectangular open channel. Data from tests performed under controlled laboratory conditions are used to quantify stability performance of ACB systems under hydraulic loading. This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with Test Method D7277.  
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor can this document be applied without considerations of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM C94/C94M-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ready-mixed concrete manufactured and delivered to a purchaser in freshly mixed and unhardened state as hereinafter specified. Requirements for quality of concrete shall be either as hereinafter specified or as specified by the purchase. In any case where the requirements of the purchaser differ from these in this specification, the purchaser's specification shall govern. In the absence of designated applicable materials specifications, materials specifications specified shall be used for cementitious materials, hydraulic cement, supplementary cementitious materials, cementitious concrete mixtures, aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, and chemical admixtures. Except as otherwise specifically permitted, cement, aggregate, and admixtures shall be measured by mass. Mixers will be stationary mixers or truck mixers. Agitators will be truck mixers or truck agitators. Test methods for compression, air content, slump, temperature shall be performed. For s strength test, at least two standard test specimens shall be made.
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1.1 This specification covers ready-mixed concrete as defined in 3.2.2 (Note 1). Requirements for quality of ready-mixed concrete shall be either as stated in this specification or as ordered by the purchaser. When the purchaser’s requirements, as stated in the order, differ from those in this specification, the purchaser’s requirements shall govern. This specification does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete after delivery to the purchaser.
Note 1: Concrete produced by volumetric batching and continuous mixing is covered in Specification C685/C685M. Fiber-reinforced concrete is covered in Specification C1116/C1116M.  
1.2 As used throughout this specification the producer manufactures ready-mixed concrete and the purchaser buys ready-mixed concrete.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units, shown in brackets, or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing cylinder and beam specimens from representative samples of fresh concrete for a construction project.  
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers joints for precast concrete pipe and box and other sections using preformed flexible joint sealants for use in storm sewers and culverts which are not intended to operate under internal pressure, or are not subject to infiltration or exfiltration limits. Joint material used in horizontal applications is intended to prevent the flow of solids through the joint. The acceptability of the pipe joint and sealant shall be determined by the results of the physical tests prescribed. Bitumen sealants shall be produced from asphalts, hydrocarbon resins and plasticizing compounds reinforced with inert mineral filler and shall contain no solvents. Butyl rubber sealants shall be produced from blends of butyl rubber and refined hydrocarbon resins and plasticizing compounds reinforced with inert mineral filler and shall contain no solvents. The joint design shall consist of a bell or groove on one end of the section and a spigot or tongue on the adjacent end of the joining section. The different test methods for the determination of the composition and physical properties of bitumen or butyl sealants are presented in details. The sections shall be tested hydrostatically in vertical alignment and a sufficient number of sections shall be assembled in straight alignment.
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1.1 This specification covers joints for precast concrete pipe and box, and other sections using preformed flexible joint sealants for use in storm sewers and culverts which are not intended to operate under internal pressure, or are not subject to infiltration or exfiltration limits. Joint material used in horizontal applications is intended to prevent the flow of solids through the joint.  
1.2 For precast concrete manhole sections and other vertical structures, which are subject to internal or external pressure, infiltration or exfiltration limits are not prohibited from being specified. Joints in vertical structures covered by this specification are intended mainly to prevent the flow of solids or fluids through the joint.  
1.3 This specification is to be used with pipe and structures conforming in all respects to Specifications C14, C14M, C76, C76M, C478/C478M, C506, C506M, C507, C507M, C655, C655M, C985, C985M, C1433, C1433M, C1504, C1504M, and C1577, provided that if there is a conflict in permissible variations in dimensions, the requirements of this specification shall govern.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The value stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers three strength grades of finely ground granulated blast-furnace slag (Grades 80, 100, and 120) for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortars. The slag shall contain no additions and shall conform to the sulfide sulfur and sulfate chemical composition requirement. Physical properties of the slag shall be in accordance with the requirements for fineness as determined by air permeability and air content, slag activity index, and compressive strength.
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1.1 This specification covers slag cement for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortar.  
Note 1: The material described in this specification may be used to produce a blended cement meeting the requirements of Specification C595/C595M or as a separate ingredient in concrete or mortar mixtures. The material may also be useful in a variety of special grouts and mortars, and when used with an appropriate activator, as the principal cementitious material in some applications.
Note 2: Information on technical aspects of the use of the material described in this specification is contained in Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3. More detailed information on that subject is contained in ACI 233R.2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM C173/C173M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C311/C311M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Specification C1697. These test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job conditions.  
4.1.1 Strength Activity Index—The test for strength activity index is used to determine whether coal ash or natural pozzolan results in an acceptable level of strength development when used in concrete. Since the test is performed with mortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the coal ash or natural pozzolan will contribute to strength in concrete.  
4.1.2 Chemical Tests—The chemical component determinations and the limits placed on each do not predict the performance of a coal ash or natural pozzolan in concrete, but collectively help describe composition and uniformity of the material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing coal ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in concrete.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Sampling  
7  
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS  
Reagents and apparatus  
10  
Moisture content  
11 and 12  
Loss on ignition  
13 and 14  
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide,
calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur
trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium
oxide  
15  
Available alkali  
16 and 17  
Ammonia  
18  
PHYSICAL TESTS  
Density  
19  
Fineness  
20  
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars  
21 – 23  
Soundness  
24  
Air-entrainment of mortar  
25 and 26  
Strength activity index  
27 – 30  
Water requirement  
31  
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions  
32  
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance  
34  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1677-11a(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Box, Using Rubber Gaskets

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible joints for concrete box sections, using rubber gaskets for leak resistant joints. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used. The gasket shall be fabricated from a rubber compound. The basic polymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend of both meeting the physical requirements prescribed. Gasket volume determination, non-circular shape gasket stretch height, and gasket length test methods shall be performed to determine the physical properties of the gastket in accordance with specified requirements. These test methods cover procedures for the mechanical testing of wrought and cast steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. Tension, bend, Rockwell hardness, portable hardness, brinell, and charpy impact tests shall be performed in accordance to specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible joints for concrete box sections, using rubber gaskets for leak resistant joints. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for boxes conforming in all other respects to Specification C1433 or C1577, provided that if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimensions the requirements of this specification for joints shall govern.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C88/C88M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for making a preliminary estimate of the soundness of aggregates for use in concrete and other purposes. The values obtained may be compared with specifications, for example Specification C33/C33M, that are designed to indicate the suitability of aggregate proposed for use. Since the precision of this test method is poor (Section 13), it may not be suitable for outright rejection of aggregates without confirmation from other tests more closely related to the specific service intended.  
4.2 Values for the permitted-loss percentage by this test method are usually different for fine and coarse aggregates, and attention is called to the fact that test results by use of the two salts differ considerably and care must be exercised in fixing proper limits in any specifications that include requirements for these tests. The test is usually more severe when magnesium sulfate is used; accordingly, limits for percent loss allowed when magnesium sulfate is used are normally higher than limits when sodium sulfate is used.
Note 2: Refer to the appropriate sections in Specification C33/C33M establishing conditions for acceptance of coarse and fine aggregates which fail to meet requirements based on this test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action in concrete or other applications. This is accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezing. This test method furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates when adequate information is not available from service records of the material exposed to actual weathering conditions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 If the results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this test method, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternate designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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