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ASTM E1648-95(2001)

(Specification)

Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds

Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that may be revealed by radiographic examination. These reference radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these discontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference for communicating the acceptable level.
Note 1--The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (81 /2 by 11 in. (22 by 28 cm)), covering base material up to and including 0.75 in. (19 mm) in thickness.
1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are applicable to the thickness ranges shown in . The welds were produced using base material plates of 6061 and 5083 alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes. These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating radiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They are not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials; however, they are appropriate for use with assembly or fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and magnesium castings are available in Reference Radiographs E155 and E505.
1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities. lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1648-95 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM E1648-95(2006) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM E1648-95(2001) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion WeldsASTM E1648-95(2001) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
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ASTM E1648-95(2001) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1648–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
may be revealed by radiographic examination. These reference E 155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these and Magnesium Castings
discontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference for E 505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
communicating the acceptable level. and Magnesium Die Castings
E 1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of
NOTE 1—The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (8 ⁄2
Weldments
by 11 in. (22 by 28 cm)), covering base material up to and including 0.75
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
in. (19 mm) in thickness.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal
Reference Radiographs for Aluminum Fusion Welds:
weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are
Volume 1, Thicknesses Up to and Including 0.75 in.
applicable to the thickness ranges shown in Table 1. The welds
(19 mm)
were produced using base material plates of 6061 and 5083
alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes.
3. Terminology
These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms relating to X-ray and
radiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They are
gamma radiology, as used in these reference radiographs, may
not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials;
be found in Terminology E 1316.
however, they are appropriate for use with assembly or
fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and
TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness
magnesium castings are available in Reference Radiographs
of Base Material
E 155 and E 505.
Base Material Thickness, in. (mm) and
1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative
Grading
Discontinuity Type
graded and ungraded discontinuities. Table 2 lists the discon-
0.125 (3.2) 0.50 (12.7)
tinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of
Fine scattered porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5
base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five
Coarse scattered porosity . Grades 1 through 5
Aligned porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5
severity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity.The
Clustered porosity . Ungraded
ungraded discontinuities are included for informational pur-
Incomplete penetration Ungraded Ungraded
poses.
Tungsten inclusions . Ungraded
Undercut Ungraded Ungraded
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Cracks (longitudinal and transverse) Ungraded Ungraded
as the standard.
Crater crack . Ungraded
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 Use of these reference radiographs requires agreement
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
between the using parties as to the acceptable level of each
discontinuity type. Illustrations are provided for welds in
0.125-in. (3.2-mm) thick material and 0.50-in. (12.7-mm) thick
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1995. Published October 1995. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE1648.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1648–95 (2001)
TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness Ranges
straight dark line that may be either continuous or intermittent.
Illustration Thickness, Theindicationistypicallyasharplydefinedlineortwoparallel
Base Material Thickness, in. (mm)
in. (mm)
lines depending upon the specific geometry of the joint and the
0.125 (3.2) to and including 0.375 (9.5)
width of the discontinuity (see Note 2).
0.50 (12.7) over 0.375 (9.5) to and including 0.75 (19)
NOTE 2—Some welds may be designed for, or permit, incomplete
penetration of the weld. Appropriate drawings and specifications must be
consulted to determine whether the indication represents an unacceptable
material. These illustrations are intended to be representative
condition. Where the condition exceeds specification limits, it is referred
of base material thicknesses up to 0.75 in. (19 mm). Use of
to by some specifications (for example, American Welding Society
these reference radiographs is not intended to be restricted to
(AWS)) as Inadequate Penetration.
the specific energy level or the absolute thickness limits that
6.4 A crack, is a rupture of solidified metal. Cracks associ-
are illustrated. These reference radiographs may be used,
ated with welding may be longitudinal, transverse, or radially
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
oriented and may occur in the weld metal, base metal, or
levels or thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has been
through both. When the plane of the crack is aligned with the
reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Standard
direction of the radiation beam, its radiographic image will
reference radiographs should be used in accordance with
appear as a well-defined jagged or a relatively straight line.As
contractual specifications.
the plane of the crack deviates from the direction of the
radiation beam, the appearance of the crack becomes increas-
5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs
ingly broad and poorly defined.
5.1 The illustrations in Volume 1 are photographic repro-
6.4.1 Longitudinal cracks, are oriented in a direction that is
ductions of a master radiographic set. The radiographs were
generally parallel to the weld bead.
made to a quality level of at least 2–2T in accordance with
6.4.2 Transverse cracks, are oriented such that they tend to
G
...

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ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
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1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
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1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
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ASTM E3044/E3044M-22(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended primarily for the automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination of butt fusion joints used in the construction of polyethylene piping systems.  
5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used in lieu of steel alloys in the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution and mining industries due to its reliability and resistance to corrosion and erosion. Recently, polyethylene pipe has also been used for nuclear safety-related cooling water applications.  
5.3 Two ultrasonic techniques have proven useful to provide examination of fusion joint integrity; Ultrasonic time-of-flight-diffraction (TOFD) and phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT). These techniques are often considered complementary but may be used independently of each other. The choice of the technique used may depend on a variety of parameters including diameter, thickness, surface access, detection capabilities near surfaces, and quality level required.  
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1.1 This practice establishes procedures for ultrasonic testing (UT) of butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe. Although high density polyethylene (HDPE) and medium density polyethylene (MDPE) materials are most commonly used, the procedures described may apply to other types of polyethylene.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the mechanized ultrasonic examination of pipe girth welds used in the construction of gas and oil pipelines. This practice, with appropriate modifications due to changes in weld profile, may also be used to examine repaired welds. Manual techniques such as described in Practice E164 may also be used to examine production or repaired welds. This practice, with appropriate modifications, may also be used to examine other forms of butt welds including long seams.  
4.2 Techniques used are to be based on zonal discrimination whereby the weld is divided into approximately equal vertical examination sections (zones) each being assessed by a pair of ultrasonic search units. See Fig. 1 for typical zones.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of Weld Zones and Discontinuities  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an eddy current array (ECA) or an eddy current sensor for nondestructive examination of carbon steel welds. It includes the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks in such joints, accommodating for nonmagnetic and nonconductive coating up to 5 mm thick between the sensor and the joint. The practice covers a variety of cracking defects, such as fatigue cracks and other types of planar discontinuities, at various locations in the weld (heat-affected zone, toe area, and weld cap, for example). It covers the length and depth sizing of such surface-breaking discontinuities. This practice can be used for flush-ground and not flush-ground welds. For specific ferrous alloys or specific welded parts, the user may need a more specific procedure.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for examining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1 and Note 2).  
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1.2.1 Extreme caution should be used when attempting to size indications using phased array. It is likely that without proper procedures, indications can be oversized due to beam divergence, multiple virtual probes returning signals from the same indication, etc. For more guidance, see 12.4.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice, provided reference standards can be developed to demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
Note 2: For additional pertinent information, see ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587.  
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Standard Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides general principles for the application of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction Technique as a tool for detection and sizing of discontinuities.  
4.2 TOFD is a nondestructive ultrasonic examination technique that is not based on amplitude response. However, sufficient sensitivity is required to identify indications for evaluation.  
4.3 TOFD techniques are typically applied to welded joints in carbon steel, but the principles may be applicable to other applications including other materials with suitable validation procedures agreeable to the contracting parties.  
4.4 In addition to a stand-alone ultrasonic detection technique, TOFD may be used in conjunction with weld examinations such as those described in Practices E164 and E1961 where it may be used to improve sizing estimates of flaws detected by the manual or mechanized pulse-echo techniques and help discriminate between flaws and geometric reflectors.  
4.5 The technique has proven effective on thicknesses from 9 to 300 mm [0.375 to 12 in.]. TOFD has been used on thicknesses outside of this range but special considerations are necessary. Techniques developed outside of this range of thickness shall be demonstrated as capable of meeting the required detection and sizing requirements of the specification used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for developing ultrasonic examination procedures using the ultrasonic technique known as Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD).  
1.2 Consistent with ASTM Policy, TOFD may be regarded as an ultrasonic test method whereby the qualities and characteristics of the item tested are evaluated, measured, and, in some cases, identified. Measurements may be subject to precision and bias that may be determined statistically or as a function of some parameter(s) such as wavelength. This practice may be used for applications that would be quantitative examinations as well as quantitative tests.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ABSTRACT
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more or less stringent requirements may be required than those specified. In these cases, the use of alternative radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 4).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary information, see Section 9.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E164-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The techniques for ultrasonic examination of welds described in this practice are intended to provide a means of weld examination for both internal and surface discontinuities within the weld and the heat-affected zone. The practice is limited to the examination of specific weld geometries in wrought or forged material.  
3.2 The techniques provide a practical method of weld examination for internal and surface discontinuities and are well suited to the task of in-process quality control. The practice is especially suited to the detection of discontinuities that present planar surfaces perpendicular to the sound beam. Other nondestructive examinations may be used when porosity and slag inclusions must be critically evaluated.  
3.3 When ultrasonic examination is used as a basis of acceptance of welds, there should be agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser as to the specific reference standards and limits to be used. Examples of reference standards are given in Section 7. A detailed procedure for weld examination describing allowable discontinuity limits should be written and agreed upon.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers techniques for the ultrasonic A-scan examination of specific weld configurations joining wrought ferrous or aluminum alloy materials to detect weld discontinuities (see Note 1). The reflection method using pulsed waves is specified. Manual techniques are described employing contact of the search unit through a couplant film or water column.  
1.2 This practice utilizes angle beams or straight beams, or both, depending upon the specific weld configurations. Practices for special geometries such as fillet welds and spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 0.250 to 8 in. (6.4 to 203 mm).  
Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice provided reference standards can be developed that demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
Note 2: For additional pertinent information see Practice E317, Terminology E1316, and Practice E587.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G58-85(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intent of this practice is to indicate standard welded specimens and welding procedures for evaluating the SCC characteristics of weldments in corrosive environments. The practice does not recommend the specific corrosive media that may be selected by the user depending upon the intent of his investigation. Specific corrosive media are included in Practices G35, G36, G37, and G44. Other environments can be used as required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the making and utilization of test specimens for the evaluation of weldments in stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) environments.  
1.2 Test specimens are described in which (a) stresses are developed by the welding process only, (b) stresses are developed by an externally applied load in addition to the stresses due to welding, and (c) stresses are developed by an externally applied load only with residual welding stresses removed by annealing.  
1.3 This practice is concerned only with the welded test specimen and not with the environmental aspects of stress-corrosion testing. Specific practices for the bending and loading of test specimens, as well as the stress considerations involved in preparation of C-rings, U-bend, bent-beam, and tension specimens are discussed in other ASTM standards.  
1.4 The actual stress in test specimens removed from weldments is not precisely known because it depends upon the level of residual stress from the welding operation combined with the applied stress. A method for determining the magnitude and direction of residual stress which may be applicable to weldment is described in Test Method E837. The reproducibility of test results is highly dependent on the preparation of the weldment, the type of test specimen tested, and the evaluation criteria used. Sufficient replication should be employed to determine the level of inherent variability in the specific test results that is consistent with the objectives of the test program.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety hazards information, see Section 7.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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