ASTM D5449/D5449M-93(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90o
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 5449/D 5449M – 93 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound
Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5449/D5449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5448/D5448M Test Method for In-Plane Shear Proper-
ties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylin-
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive
ders
properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by
D5450/D5450M TestMethodforTransverseTensileProp-
high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop
erties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylin-
wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination
ders
of transverse compressive properties.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
ing
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
E111 TestMethodforYoung’sModulus,TangentModulus,
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
and Chord Modulus
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
E122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
standard.
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ture
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E177 Practice for Use of Terms Precision and Bias in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ASTM Test Methods
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
2. Referenced Documents E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
D792 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
E 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Gages
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
3. Terminology
Resins
3.1 Definitions—TerminologyD3878definestermsrelating
D2734 Test Method for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
3 to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
tics
D883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6
D3171 Test Method for Constituent Content of Composite
4 defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology
Materials
E456 and Practice E177 defines terms relating to statistics. In
D3878 Terminology for High-Modulus Reinforcing Fibers
4 the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878
and Their Composites
shall have precedence over other standards.
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
trix Composite Materials
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
1 7
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. usingthefollowingASTMstandardsymbologyforfundamentaldimensions,shown
Current edition approved August 15, 1993. Published October 1993. within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [u] for
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. thermodynamic temperature, and [nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. symbolsisrestrictedtoanalyticaldimensionswhenusedwithsquarebrackets,asthe
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5449/D 5449M
3.2.1 winding—an entire part completed by one winding elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
operation and then cured. nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
3.2.2 hoop wound, n—awindingofacylindricalcomponent asaresultofmisalignedgrips,misalignedspecimensinthetest
in which the filaments are circumferentially oriented. fixtures, or from departures of the specimens from tolerance
3.2.3 specimen—a single part cut from a winding. Each requirements. The alignment should always be checked as
winding may yield several specimens. discussed in 12.2.
−2 −1
3.2.4 transverse compressive modulus, E [MT L ],
7. Apparatus
n—the compressive elastic modulus of a unidirectional mate-
rial in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers. 7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within
uc −2 −1
0.025 6 0.010 mm [0.001 6 0.0004 in.] of the specimen inner
3.2.5 transverse compressive strength, s , [MT L ],
n—the strength of a unidirectional material when a compres- and outer diameters. Flat anvil-type micrometer or calipers of
similar resolution may be used for the overall specimen length
sive load is applied in the direction perpendicular to the
reinforcing fibers. and the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).
uc
7.2 Compression Fixture—Thecompressionfixtureconsists
3.2.6 transverse compressive strain at failure, e [nd],
of a steel outer shell and insert.An assembly drawing for these
n—thevalueofstrain,perpendiculartothereinforcingfibersin
a unidirectional material, at failure when a compressive load is components and the test fixture is shown in Fig. 1.
7.2.1 Outer Shell—The outer shell (SI units Fig. 2, English
applied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
unitsFig.3)iscircularwithaconcentriccircularhollowinone
4. Summary of Test Method
face,agroovealongthediameteroftheotherface,andacenter
4.1 A thin-walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm hole through the thickness. Along the diameter perpendicular
[4 in.] in diameter and 140 mm [5 ⁄2 in.] in length is bonded to the groove, three pairs of small eccentric holes are placed at
into two end fixtures. The specimen fixture assembly is three radial distances. The two outer pairs of holes are
mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in threaded.Fouradditionalthreadedholesareplacedatthesame
compression while recording load.The transverse compressive radial distance as the innermost pair of holes at 90° intervals
strength can be determined from the maximum load carried starting 45° from the diameter that passes through the center
before failure. If the coupon strain is monitored with strain groove.
gages then the stress-strain response, the compressive strain at 7.2.2 Insert—Thefixtureinsertiscircularwithacenterhole
failure, transverse compression modulus of elasticity, and through the thickness (SI units Fig. 4, English units Fig. 5).
Poisson’s ratio can be derived. Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.
These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer
5. Significance and Use
shell. The set of four holes at 90° intervals are counterbored.
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse
The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the outer shell to
compressive property data for material specifications, research
form the concentric groove used to put the specimen in the
and development, quality assurance, and structural design and
fixture (Fig. 1).
analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive
7.2.3 The outer shell and insert for the compression fixture
response and should therefore be reported are: material, are the same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in
method of material preparation, specimen preparation, speci-
standardtestmethodsD5448/D5448MandD5450/D5450M.
men conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment 7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:
and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume
7.3.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained member.
from this test method are:
uc
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, s ,
uc
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, e ,
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E ,
and
5.1.4 Poisson’s ratio, g .
6. Interference
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
damage induced by improper coupon machining are known
causes of high material data scatter in composites.
6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test Fixtures—Ahighpercentage
of failures in or near the bond between the test specimen and
the test fixture, especially when combined with high material
data scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.
Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.
6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending may cause pre-
FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for the Compression Fixture and
mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of Specimen
D 5449/D 5449M
FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 4 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 5 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in English Units
FIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in English
7.3.4 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable mem-
Units
ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixed
member, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.
7.3.2 Movable Member. 7.3.5 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
7.3.3 Steel Platens, two, flat, one of which connects to the nism capable of showing the total compressive load carried by
load-sensing device and the other at the opposite end of the the test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of
assembled test fixture. At least one (preferably both) of these inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the
platens is coupled to the test machine with a swivel joint, that load within an accuracy of 61% of the actual value, or better.
is, a hemispherical ball on the machine that fits into a The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in
hemispherical recess on one or both of the platens. accordance with Practice E4.
D 5449/D 5449M
7.3.6 Construction Materials—The fixed member, movable 350 V or higher are preferred. Additional considerations
member, platens, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be should be given to the use of the minimum possible gage
constructed of such materials and in such proportions that the excitation voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2
total longitudinal deformation of the system contributed by V is recommended) to reduce further the power consumed by
these parts is minimized. the gage. Heating of the coupon by the gage may affect the
FIG. 6 Test Specimen Shown with Strain Gage Configuration
7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Load versus strain data shall performance of the material directly, or it may affect the
be determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages. indicated strain as a result of a difference between the gage
Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm [0.25 in.] in length. The temperature compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal
specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both the expansion of the coupon material.
axial and circumferential direction to determine Poisson’s
7.4.3 Temperature Considerations—Consideration of some
Ratio. Strain gage rosettes (0°/45°/90°) shall be used to correct form of temperature compensation is recommended, even
for gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shall
when testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperature
complywithTestMethodE251.Someguidelinesontheuseof compensationisrequiredwhentestinginnonambienttempera-
strain gages on composites are presented as follows.Ageneral
ture environments.
reference on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.
7.4.4 Transverse Sensitivity—Consideration should be
7.4.1 Surface Preparation—The surface preparation of
given to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage.
fiber-reinforced composites discussed in Guide E1237 can
The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recom-
penetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-
mendations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects on
forcing fibers, resulting in improper coupon failures. Reinforc-
composites. This is particularly important for a transversely
ingfibersshouldnotbeexposedordamagedduringthesurface
mounted gage used to determine Poisson’s ratio.
preparation process. The strain gage manufacturer should be
7.5 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials
consulted regarding surface preparation guidelines and recom-
at nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level con-
mended bonding agents for composites, pending the develop-
trolled environment conditioning chamber is required which
ment of a set of standard practices for strain-gage installation
shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to
surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials.
within 63°C [65°F] and the required relative vapor level to
7.4.2 Gage Resistance—Consideration should be given to
within 63%.Chamberconditionsshallbemonitoredeitheron
the selection of gages having larger resistance to reduce
an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regular
heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of
intervals.
7.6 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test
chamber is required for testing environments other than ambi-
ent testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be ca-
Tuttle, M. E., and Brinson, H. F., “Resistance Foil Strain Gage Technology as
pable of maintaining the gage section of the test specimen at
Applied to Composite Materials,” Experimental Mechanics, Vol 24, No. 1, March
1984, pp. 54–64; errata noted in Vol 26, No. 2, January 1986, pp. 153–154. the required test environment during the mechanical test.
D 544
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