ASTM A991/A991M-10(2015)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel Products
Standard Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Furnaces for heat treatment of steel products are used in many industries, in many ways. Regardless of heat treat furnace type, or processing cycle, it may be necessary for users to know the temperature uniformity in the furnace and whether the material is processed in a zone within the furnace that is capable of meeting the applicable permissible temperature variation requirements.
4.2 The procedures in this test method may be used by those using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for, heat treat furnaces used to process steel products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to conduct a temperature uniformity survey on a furnace used to heat treat steel products. This method is used to determine the capability of the furnace to meet the permissible temperature variation specified in the applicable product specification, or as agreed to by the purchaser and supplier of heat treat services. Survey documentation requirements, and the procedure used to subsequently establish the furnace working zone, are defined in this test method.
1.2 This test method covers heat treat furnaces in any of the following categories:
1.2.1 Continuous or semi-continuous conveyance furnaces,
1.2.2 Batch furnaces, and
1.2.3 Salt or liquid baths and fluidized beds.
1.3 This test method only applies when specified in the product specification or the purchase order.
1.4 Controlling a heat treatment of steel products using thermocouples attached to the extremities of each load is an alternative to performing a furnace survey.
1.5 By mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of heat treat services, more stringent and/or additional requirements may be specified. The acceptance of any such additional requirements shall be dependent on negotiations with the supplier and must be included in the order as agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: A991/A991M − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces
Used to Heat Treat Steel Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA991/A991M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to conduct
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a temperature uniformity survey on a furnace used to heat treat
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
steel products. This method is used to determine the capability
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of the furnace to meet the permissible temperature variation
specified in the applicable product specification, or as agreed to
2. Referenced Documents
by the purchaser and supplier of heat treat services. Survey
2.1 ASTM Standards:
documentation requirements, and the procedure used to subse-
E207 Test Method for Thermal EMF Test of Single Thermo-
quently establish the furnace working zone, are defined in this
element Materials by Comparison with a Reference Ther-
test method.
moelement of Similar EMF-Temperature Properties
1.2 This test method covers heat treat furnaces in any of the E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
following categories:
Comparison Techniques
1.2.1 Continuous or semi-continuous conveyance furnaces, E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
1.2.2 Batch furnaces, and
E608/E608M Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-
1.2.3 Salt or liquid baths and fluidized beds.
Sheathed Base Metal Thermocouples
1.3 This test method only applies when specified in the 3
2.2 SAE Standard:
product specification or the purchase order.
AMS 2750 Pyrometry
1.4 Controlling a heat treatment of steel products using
3. Terminology
thermocouples attached to the extremities of each load is an
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
alternative to performing a furnace survey.
3.1.1 batch furnace, n—heating device in which material
1.5 By mutual agreement between the purchaser and the
may be stationary or oscillating during the processing cycle.
supplier of heat treat services, more stringent and/or additional
3.1.2 continuous conveyance furnace, n—heating device
requirements may be specified. The acceptance of any such
through which material is moved intentionally at a constant
additional requirements shall be dependent on negotiations
rate during the processing cycle.
with the supplier and must be included in the order as agreed
3.1.3 extremities, n—as referring to furnace working zone;
upon by the purchaser and supplier.
outer boundaries in all three dimensions (length, width, and
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
height) of the material being processed.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.4 operating range, n—expected range of temperature
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
over which a furnace will be controlled to heat treat steel
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
products.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
3.1.5 primary survey, n—initial evaluation of the furnace, or
an evaluation triggered by the initiation of a major furnace
modification.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
A01.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Products and Processes. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as A991/A991M – 10. Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
DOI: 10.1520/A0991_A0991M-10R15. Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A991/A991M − 10 (2015)
3.1.6 secondary survey, n—evaluation of the furnace trig- 6.1.1.2 If the operating range exceeds a spread of 300°F
gered by the expiration of a time requirement. [150°C], survey at the minimum and maximum set point
temperature for the normal operating range, except that the
3.1.7 semi-continuous conveyance furnace, n—heating de-
maximum temperature need not be higher than 2000°F
vice through which material is moved intentionally with a
[1100°C].
predetermined start-stop-start pattern during the processing
6.1.2 Either typical or maximum production size and weight
cycle.
furnace loads shall be utilized during the survey. Use of
3.1.8 working zone, n—maximum volume and location in
representative material to simulate product during survey is
the furnace that meet the permissible temperature variation.
permitted.
4. Significance and Use
6.1.3 The furnace atmosphere and operating conditions
shall be representative of those used in production.
4.1 Furnaces for heat treatment of steel products are used in
many industries, in many ways. Regardless of heat treat
6.2 Frequency of Uniformity Surveys:
furnace type, or processing cycle, it may be necessary for users
6.2.1 Primary Surveys:
to know the temperature uniformity in the furnace and whether
6.2.1.1 A primary survey shall have been performed within
the material is processed in a zone within the furnace that is
twelve months prior to, or run concurrently with, the first
capable of meeting the applicable permissible temperature
production heat treatment to which this test method applies.
variation requirements.
6.2.1.2 Aprimary survey shall have been conducted when a
major furnace modification is completed. A major furnace
4.2 The procedures in this test method may be used by those
modification includes, but is not limited to, the installation of
using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for,
the following: a different burner type, a new heating element
heat treat furnaces used to process steel products.
design, a different type of insulation system, and, a different
5. Furnace Survey Equipment
type of temperature controlling device.
5.1 Thermocouples: 6.2.1.3 Replacement of worn parts with similar parts or
5.1.1 Metal sheathed thermocouples shall be in accordance
patching of insulation that does not change the furnace
with Specification E608/E608M. characteristics does not constitute a major furnace modifica-
5.1.2 The use of extension wires is permitted when com-
tion.
pensated connectors, plugs, jacks, and terminal strips are used.
6.2.1.4 The survey shall be conducted within twelve months
5.1.3 Thermocouples made from spool wire shall meet the
prior to, or run concurrently with, the first production heat
requirements of AMS 2750.
treatment performed after the modification.
5.1.4 The use of spliced extension wire is prohibited.
6.2.2 Secondary Surveys:
5.1.5 Thermocouples may be reused if the requirements of
6.2.2.1 To maintain conformance with this test method, a
AMS 2750 (except Paragraphs 3.1.1.10 and 3.1.1.11 of Rev. D)
secondary survey shall be conducted within twelve months
are met.
after the primary survey.
6.2.2.2 Secondary surveys shall be conducted at a typical
5.2 Calibration:
furnace set point temperature within the normal operating
5.2.1 All reference, primary, secondary, test and working
range. All other conditions described in 6.1 shall apply.
equipment, instrumentation and sensors used in conjunction
with this test method shall meet the requirements of calibration
7. Procedure
defined by Test Methods E207 and E220.
5.2.2 Temperature measuring devices shall be calibrated
7.1 Survey measuring equipment shall meet the require-
within three months prior to use.
ments of Section 5.
5.2.3 Calibration shall be traceable to the National Institute
7.2 Test conditions and test frequency shall be as defined in
of Standards Technology standards, or equivalent national
6.1 and 6.2, respectively.
standards. Calibration to such national standards shall be done
at least once every two years.
7.3 Place thermocouples to monitor time and temperature
5.2.4 Calibration shall be within the temperature range to be
profiles in the furnace to evaluate the uniformity of the
used in the survey and at
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A991/A991M − 10 A991/A991M − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces
Used to Heat Treat Steel Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A991/A991M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to conduct a temperature uniformity survey on a furnace used to heat treat steel
products. This method is used to determine the capability of the furnace to meet the permissible temperature variation specified
in the applicable product specification, or as agreed to by the purchaser and supplier of heat treat services. Survey documentation
requirements, and the procedure used to subsequently establish the furnace working zone, are defined in this test method.
1.2 This test method covers heat treat furnaces in any of the following categories:
1.2.1 Continuous or semi-continuous conveyance furnaces,
1.2.2 Batch furnaces, and
1.2.3 Salt or liquid baths and fluidized beds.
1.3 This test method only applies when specified in the product specification or the purchase order.
1.4 Controlling a heat treatment of steel products using thermocouples attached to the extremities of each load is an alternative
to performing a furnace survey.
1.5 By mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of heat treat services, more stringent and/or additional
requirements may be specified. The acceptance of any such additional requirements shall be dependent on negotiations with the
supplier and must be included in the order as agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E207 Test Method for Thermal EMF Test of Single Thermoelement Materials by Comparison with a Reference Thermoelement
of Similar EMF-Temperature Properties
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E608/E608M Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Base Metal Thermocouples
2.2 SAE Standard:
AMS 2750 Pyrometry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 batch furnace, n—heating device in which material may be stationary or oscillating during the processing cycle.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.13
on Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel Products and Processes.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010March 1, 2015. Published April 2010March 2015. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20082010 as
A991/A991M – 08.A991/A991M – 10. DOI: 10.1520/A0991_A0991M-10.10.1520/A0991_A0991M-10R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A991/A991M − 10 (2015)
3.1.2 continuous conveyance furnace, n—heating device through which material is moved intentionally at a constant rate during
the processing cycle.
3.1.3 extremities, n—as referring to furnace working zone; outer boundaries in all three dimensions (length, width, and height)
of the material being processed.
3.1.4 operating range, n—expected range of temperature over which a furnace will be controlled to heat treat steel products.
3.1.5 primary survey, n—initial evaluation of the furnace, or an evaluation triggered by the initiation of a major furnace
modification.
3.1.6 secondary survey, n—evaluation of the furnace triggered by the expiration of a time requirement.
3.1.7 semi-continuous conveyance furnace, n—heating device through which material is moved intentionally with a
predetermined start-stop-start pattern during the processing cycle.
3.1.8 working zone, n—maximum volume and location in the furnace that meet the permissible temperature variation.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Furnaces for heat treatment of steel products are used in many industries, in many ways. Regardless of heat treat furnace
type, or processing cycle, it may be necessary for users to know the temperature uniformity in the furnace and whether the material
is processed in a zone within the furnace that is capable of meeting the applicable permissible temperature variation requirements.
4.2 The procedures in this test method may be used by those using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for, heat
treat furnaces used to process steel products.
5. Furnace Survey Equipment
5.1 Thermocouples:
5.1.1 Metal sheathed thermocouples shall be in accordance with Specification E608/E608M.
5.1.2 The use of extension wires is permitted when compensated connectors, plugs, jacks, and terminal strips are used.
5.1.3 Thermocouples made from spool wire shall meet the requirements of AMS 2750.
5.1.4 The use of spliced extension wire is prohibited.
5.1.5 Thermocouples may be reused if the requirements of AMS 2750 (except Paragraphs 3.1.1.10 and 3.1.1.11 of Rev. D) are
met.
5.2 Calibration:
5.2.1 All reference, primary, secondary, test and working equipment, instrumentation and sensors used in conjunction with this
test method shall meet the requirements of calibration defined by Test Methods E207 and E220.
5.2.2 Temperature measuring devices shall be calibrated within three months prior to use.
5.2.3 Calibration shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards Technology standards, or equivalent national standards.
Calibration to such national standards shall be done at least once every two years.
5.2.4 Calibration shall be within the temperature range to be used in the survey and at intervals not greater than 200°F [100°C]
for primary and secondary standards.
5.2.5 Correction factors, limits of error, and deviations shall be in accordance with Specification E230.
6. Requirements
6.1 Uniformity Survey Test Conditions:
6.1.1 The furnace to be surveyed shall be capable of being tested at set point temperature(s) typical for the normal operating
range.
6.1.1.1 If the operating range does not exceed a spread of 300°F [150°C], the midpoint temperature shall be selected for the
survey.
6.1.1.2 If the operating range exceeds a spread of 300°F [150°C], survey at the minimum and maximum set point temperature
for the normal operating range, except that the maximum temperature need not be higher than 2000°F [1100°C].
6.1.2 Either typical or maximum production size and weight furnace loads shall be utilized during the survey. Use of
representative material to simulate product during survey is permitted.
6.1.3 The furnace atmosphere and operating conditions shall be representative of those used in production.
6.2 Frequency of Uniformity Surveys:
6.2.1 Primary Surveys:
6.2.1.1 A primary survey shall have been performed within twelve months prior to, or run concurrently with, the first production
heat treatment to which this test method applies.
6.2.1.2 A primary survey shall have been conducted when a major furnace modification is completed. A major furnace
modification includes, but is not limited to, the installation of the following: a different burner type, a new heating element design,
a different type of insulation system, and, a different type of temperature controlling device.
A991/A991M − 10 (2015)
6.2.1.3 Replacement of worn parts with similar parts or patching of insulation that does not change the furnace characteristics
does not constitute a major furnace modification.
6.2.1.4 The survey shall be conducted within twelve months prior to, or run con
...
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