ASTM C689-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Unfired Clays
Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Unfired Clays
ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedure for the determination of modulus of rupture of ceramic whiteware clays, both dry and after conditioning at specified relative humidity, or both. The apparatuses needed for this method are a conditioning cabinet, and a testing machine. Extruded, clay-flint, and solid cast specimens shall be prepared accordingly. Specific procedures as to handling, warpage, drying, and storage, and the corresponding calculations are discussed thoroughly.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain values of rupture modulus of clays before firing, under various processing conditions (relative humidity).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of ceramic whiteware clays both dry and after conditioning at 50 or 80 % relative humidity, or both.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C689 −09
StandardTest Method for
1
Modulus of Rupture of Unfired Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 4.2 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine may be
used, provided a uniform rate of direct loading can be
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modu-
maintained at no more than 1 lb/min (4.4 N/min) using the
lus of rupture of ceramic whiteware clays both dry and after
prescribedspecimens.Forthesupportofthetestspecimen,two
conditioning at 50 or 80 % relative humidity, or both.
steel bars having a diameter of 0.5-in. (12.7-mm) shall be
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
provided. The load shall be applied by means of a third steel
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
bar having a diameter of 0.5-in. (12.7-mm). All three bars are
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
to be smooth polished steel without surface defects such as
and are not considered standard.
scratches or gouges.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Test Specimen Preparation
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 5.1 Preparation of Extruded Specimens—100 % clay speci-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
men preparation: The test sample shall be blunged with
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. sufficient distilled water to give complete dispersion and
produceaslipofsufficientviscositytoavoidnoticeablesettling
2. Referenced Documents
of particles (usually in the range of 25 to 50 percent solids).
2
Slip shall be sieved through a No. 120 (125 µm) sieve or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
equivalent. After aging 24 h the slip shall be dewatered to a
C322 Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays
plastic condition preferably by filter pressing. At this point the
3. Significance and Use moisture content must be adjusted to optimum conditions for
forming by some measure of plasticity such as Pfefferkorn
3.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain values of
apparatus, plumb bob penetration, or other acceptable means.
rupture modulus of clays before firing, under various process-
After the water of plasticity has been adjusted (usually will
ing conditions (relative humidity).
range from 20 to 50 %), test specimens shall be formed by
extrusion. Where hand-operated extruder is used without
4. Apparatus
vacuum, the plastic clay shall be thoroughly hand-wedged to
4.1 Conditioning Cabinet—Any suitable airtight cabinet
eliminate entrapped air as a preliminary to forming test pieces.
with means for circulating air, or vacuum desiccator, wherein
Where a vacuum extruder is used, a vacuum of not less than 25
prescribed specimens can be conditioned as desired before
in. (635 mm) Hg shall be maintained during forming operation.
testing. Specimens for dry strength shall be stored with silica
5.1.1 Clay-FlintSpecimens—to be used in the case of strong
gel desiccant. Specimens for 50 % relative humidity shall be
clays that are considered bonding materials. Prepare specimens
stored over a saturated solution of sodium dichromate
as in 5.1 using a mixture of clay and 200 mesh potters flint in
(Na CR O ·2H O), and specimens for 80 % relative humidity
2 2 7 2
a 1/1 ratio blend that has been thoroughly dry mixed.
shall be stored over a saturated solution of ammonium chloride
5.1.2 Solid Cast Specimens—100 % clay and clay-flint
(NH Cl).
4
specimens should be prepared by making a high solids slurry
deflocculated to minimum viscosity. Adjust the solids content
of the slurry to obtain a viscosity between 100-500 cps. The
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
slurry should be cast in plaster molds until solid, and the bars
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.04 on Raw Materials.
then dried in accordance to the procedure outlined in 5.3 and
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally
5.4.
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C689 – 03a. DOI:
10.1520/C0689-09.
5.2 Dimension—The test specimens shall be round bars of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
0.50 (12.8 mm) diameter, and at least 4.5 in. (114 mm) in
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
length to permit an overhang of at least 0.25 in. at each end
Standards volume information, refer
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C689–03a Designation: C 689 – 09
Standard Test Method for
1
Modulus of Rupture of Unfired Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of ceramic whiteware clays both dry and after
conditioning at 50 or 80 % relative humidity, or both.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 322 Test MethodPractice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain values of rupture modulus of clays before firing, under various processing
conditions (relative humidity).
4. Apparatus
3.1
4.1 Conditioning Cabinet—Any suitable airtight cabinet with means for circulating air, or vacuum desiccator, wherein
prescribed specimens can be conditioned as desired before testing. Specimens for dry strength shall be stored with silica gel
desiccant. Specimens for 50 % relative humidity shall be stored over a saturated solution of sodium dichromate (Na
2CR O ·2H O), and specimens for 80 % relative humidity shall be stored over a saturated solution of ammonium chloride
2 7 2
(NH Cl).
4
3.2
4.2 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine may be used, provided a uniform rate of direct loading can be maintained
at no more than 1 lb/min (4.4 N/min) using the prescribed specimens. For the support of the test specimen, two steel bars having
a diameter of 0.5-in. (12.7-mm) shall be provided. The load shall be applied by means of a third steel bar having a diameter of
0.5-in. (12.7-mm). All three bars are to be smooth polished steel without surface defects such as scratches or gouges.
4.
5. Test Specimen Preparation
4.1
5.1 Preparation of Extruded Specimens— 100 % clay specimen preparation: The test sample shall be blunged with sufficient
distilledwatertogivecompletedispersionandproduceaslipofsufficientviscositytoavoidnoticeablesettlingofparticles(usually
in the range of 25 to 50 percent solids). Slip shall be sieved through a No. 120 (125 µm) sieve or equivalent.After aging 24 h the
slip shall be dewatered to a plastic condition preferably by filter pressing. At this point the moisture content must be adjusted to
optimum conditions for forming by some measure of plasticity such as Pfefferkorn apparatus, plumb bob penetration, or other
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramicWhitewaresandRelatedProductsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC21.04
on Raw Materials.
Current edition approved Oct.Jan. 1, 2003.2009. Published October 2003.February 2009. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as
C 689 – 03a.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C689–09
acceptable means. After the water of plasticity has been adjusted (usually will range from 20 to 50 %), test specimens shall be
formed by extrusion. Where hand-operated extruder is used without vacuum, the plastic clay shall be thoroughly hand-wedged to
eliminate entrapped air as a preliminary to forming test pieces. Where a vacuum extruder is used, a vacuum of not less than 25
in. (635 mm) Hg shall be maintained during forming operation.
4.1.1
5.1.1 Clay-Flint Specimens—to be used in the case of strong clays that are considered bonding materials. Prepare specimens
as in 4.1 5.1 using a mixture of clay and 20
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C689–03a Designation: C 689 – 09
Standard Test Method for
1
Modulus of Rupture of Unfired Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of ceramic whiteware clays both dry and after
conditioning at 50 or 80 % relative humidity, or both.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 322 Test MethodPractice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain values of rupture modulus of clays before firing, under various processing
conditions (relative humidity).
4. Apparatus
3.1
4.1 Conditioning Cabinet—Any suitable airtight cabinet with means for circulating air, or vacuum desiccator, wherein
prescribed specimens can be conditioned as desired before testing. Specimens for dry strength shall be stored with silica gel
desiccant. Specimens for 50 % relative humidity shall be stored over a saturated solution of sodium dichromate (Na
2CR O ·2H O), and specimens for 80 % relative humidity shall be stored over a saturated solution of ammonium chloride
2 7 2
(NH Cl).
4
3.2
4.2 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine may be used, provided a uniform rate of direct loading can be maintained
at no more than 1 lb/min (4.4 N/min) using the prescribed specimens. For the support of the test specimen, two steel bars having
a diameter of 0.5-in. (12.7-mm) shall be provided. The load shall be applied by means of a third steel bar having a diameter of
0.5-in. (12.7-mm). All three bars are to be smooth polished steel without surface defects such as scratches or gouges.
4.
5. Test Specimen Preparation
4.1
5.1 Preparation of Extruded Specimens— 100 % clay specimen preparation: The test sample shall be blunged with sufficient
distilledwatertogivecompletedispersionandproduceaslipofsufficientviscositytoavoidnoticeablesettlingofparticles(usually
in the range of 25 to 50 percent solids). Slip shall be sieved through a No. 120 (125 µm) sieve or equivalent.After aging 24 h the
slip shall be dewatered to a plastic condition preferably by filter pressing. At this point the moisture content must be adjusted to
optimum conditions for forming by some measure of plasticity such as Pfefferkorn apparatus, plumb bob penetration, or other
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramicWhitewaresandRelatedProductsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC21.04
on Raw Materials.
Current edition approved Oct.Jan. 1, 2003.2009. Published October 2003.February 2009. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as
C 689 – 03a.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C689–09
acceptable means. After the water of plasticity has been adjusted (usually will range from 20 to 50 %), test specimens shall be
formed by extrusion. Where hand-operated extruder is used without vacuum, the plastic clay shall be thoroughly hand-wedged to
eliminate entrapped air as a preliminary to forming test pieces. Where a vacuum extruder is used, a vacuum of not less than 25
in. (635 mm) Hg shall be maintained during forming operation.
4.1.1
5.1.1 Clay-Flint Specimens—to be used in the case of strong clays that are considered bonding materials. Prepare specimens
as in 4.1 5.1 using a mixture of clay and 20
...
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